मॉडल उत्तर

पर्यावरण नियमों को लागू करने में चुनौतियों का विश्लेषण और उपाय

भारत में पर्यावरण नियमों का प्रभावी कार्यान्वयन अत्यंत आवश्यक है, विशेषकर जब देश विकास की ओर अग्रसर है। हाल ही में दीमा हसाओ की कोयला खनन त्रासदी ने यह स्पष्ट किया है कि भारत में पर्यावरण नियमों का कागज़ पर होना और वास्तविकता में लागू न होना एक गंभीर समस्या है।

चुनौतियाँ:

1. कमज़ोर प्रवर्तन तंत्र: भारत के 4,40,989 उद्योगों में से 6% से अधिक पर्यावरण मानकों को पूरा नहीं करते, जिससे प्रदूषण बढ़ता है।
2. विकास और संरक्षण के बीच संघर्ष: विकास को प्राथमिकता देने से पर्यावरणीय नियमों में ढील दी जाती है, जिससे उनकी प्रभावशीलता कम हो जाती है।
3. अपर्याप्त सार्वजनिक भागीदारी: स्थानीय समुदायों की निर्णय लेने में भूमिका का अभाव है, जिससे उनकी समस्याओं का समाधान नहीं हो पाता।
4. प्रौद्योगिकी का कम उपयोग: उन्नत तकनीकों जैसे IoT और ड्रोन निगरानी का उपयोग सीमित है।
5. न्यायिक अतिक्रमण: न्यायालयों पर अत्यधिक निर्भरता से कार्रवाई में विलंब होता है।

उपाय:

1. प्रवर्तन तंत्र को मजबूत करना: केंद्रीय और राज्य प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड को सशक्त बनाना और AI आधारित तकनीकों का उपयोग करना चाहिए।
2. कार्बन क्रेडिट मार्केट का विकास: उच्च प्रदूषण वाले क्षेत्रों के लिए कार्बन ऑफसेट को अनिवार्य बनाना चाहिए।
3. जलवायु-अनुकूल अवसंरचना को बढ़ावा देना: सख्त पर्यावरणीय ऑडिट लागू करना और पारगमनीय विकल्पों में निवेश करना चाहिए।
4. EIA प्रक्रिया में सुधार: सार्वजनिक भागीदारी को बढ़ावा देना और पारदर्शिता सुनिश्चित करनी चाहिए।
5. समुदाय-नेतृत्व संरक्षण: वन अधिकार अधिनियम के तहत स्थानीय समुदायों को निर्णय लेने में शामिल करना चाहिए।

आगे की राह

भारत को पर्यावरण प्रशासन को मजबूत करने के लिए एक संतुलित दृष्टिकोण की आवश्यकता है, जो सतत विकास और जलवायु अनुकूलन को एकीकृत करता है। आर्थिक विकास और पर्यावरण संरक्षण के बीच संतुलन बनाना आवश्यक है ताकि भविष्य की पीढ़ियों के लिए एक स्वस्थ और सुरक्षित पर्यावरण सुनिश्चित किया जा सके।

Model Answer

Introduction

India stands at a pivotal moment where it has the opportunity to emerge as a global leader in healthcare governance. As the world faces numerous health challenges, India’s extensive experience in democratizing healthcare, particularly through initiatives like Ayushman Bharat, positions it favorably. Launched in 2018, Ayushman Bharat has provided free hospitalization to over 36 crore beneficiaries, significantly reducing out-of-pocket expenses and bridging gaps in urban-rural healthcare access.

Health Mission

Moreover, India has demonstrated unparalleled success in vaccination campaigns, effectively eliminating diseases such as polio and neonatal tetanus. The National Digital Health Mission has further enhanced healthcare accessibility, allowing for efficient management of patient data and reducing wait times significantly.

Achievements

However, despite these achievements, several challenges hinder India’s ascent to global health leadership. A significant issue is the insufficient public health expenditure, which remains below the WHO’s recommended level of 5%. This underfunding adversely affects healthcare infrastructure, manpower, and research capabilities necessary for India to lead on the global stage. Additionally, the country’s healthcare R&D ecosystem is still underdeveloped, limiting innovation in medical technologies and treatments.

Challenges

India also faces disparities in health infrastructure, with southern states like Kerala outperforming northern states like Uttar Pradesh in health outcomes. The lack of a comprehensive regulatory framework has led to inefficiencies in drug approval processes, as evidenced by recent controversies surrounding substandard products.

New Initiative

To strengthen its role in global health governance, India must take decisive measures. Increasing investment in healthcare R&D is crucial to develop advanced medical technologies and indigenous vaccines. Expanding digital health initiatives can improve healthcare delivery in underserved areas, while integrating traditional medicine with modern practices can enhance preventive care.

Furthermore, investing in health infrastructure through global partnerships will facilitate better management of health crises and improve overall health outcomes. Strengthening global health diplomacy through initiatives like the Vaccine Maitri program will enhance India’s credibility and leadership on the world stage.

In conclusion

India’s potential to lead in global health governance is immense, driven by its achievements and innovations. However, addressing the existing challenges through strategic reforms and investments is essential for India to realize its vision of becoming a global health leader. By fostering equitable and sustainable health practices, India can set an example for the world in health governance.

Model Answer

Introduction

The services-led growth model refers to an economic framework where the service sector becomes the primary driver of economic growth, rather than manufacturing or agriculture. In India, this model has gained prominence as a promising path for economic transformation, especially in the wake of global uncertainties.

Historical Context

Historically, India’s service sector was limited during the pre-independence era, primarily catering to colonial administration. Post-independence, there was a gradual shift as the government emphasized public services. The liberalization policies of 1991 catalyzed the growth of IT and IT-enabled services, positioning India as a global leader in this domain.

Opportunities Presented by Services-led Growth

The services sector offers immense opportunities for economic development:

• Job Creation: The IT and e-commerce sectors have become significant employment generators. As of March 2023, the IT-BPM sector employed 5.4 million professionals, with projections suggesting that India’s gig economy could reach 23.5 million workers by 2030.
• Global Leadership: India’s IT-BPM revenue reached $245 billion in 2023-24, establishing the country as a hub for digital solutions.
• Urban Development: Initiatives like Smart Cities enhance urban livability and infrastructure investment.
• Rural Inclusion: Digital platforms improve access to healthcare and education, empowering rural populations.
• Environmental Sustainability: The focus on green services promotes clean energy investments, with initiatives like the National Green Hydrogen Mission projected to create 6 lakh jobs by 2030.

Challenges of Services-led Growth

Despite its advantages, the services-led growth model faces significant challenges:

• Jobless Growth: The sector contributes to nearly half of India’s GDP but employs only one-third of the workforce. The unemployment rate stands at 8.1%, indicating a mismatch between job creation and workforce demands.
• Neglect of Manufacturing and Agriculture: Overemphasis on services diverts attention from essential sectors, hampering large-scale job creation.
• Regional Disparities: Service growth is concentrated in urban areas, exacerbating rural poverty and inequality.
• External Dependence: The reliance on global markets for service exports makes the economy vulnerable to external shocks.

Way Forward

To harness the benefits of services-led growth while addressing its challenges, India must:

• Promote skill development aligned with industry demands.
• Develop integrated agro-processing hubs to link rural economies with global markets.
• Invest in smart infrastructure to connect rural production with urban demand.
• Support MSMEs through digital transformation to ensure they thrive in the service sector.

Conclusion

The services-led growth model presents a viable path for India’s economic transformation and sustainable development. However, to realize its full potential, it is crucial to implement inclusive policies that balance growth across services, agriculture, and manufacturing, ultimately fostering a more equitable economy.