Model Answer

Introduction

The fisheries dispute between India and Sri Lanka has persisted for decades, straining diplomatic relations and impacting the livelihoods of fishermen from both nations. This issue is particularly significant due to the geographical proximity of the two countries and the shared resources in the Palk Bay.

Key Issues in the Dispute

One of the primary challenges is the recurrent arrests of Indian fishermen who inadvertently stray into Sri Lankan waters, often due to engine failures or sudden weather changes. These arrests lead to the confiscation and destruction of fishing vessels, resulting in heightened tensions.

Additionally, Indian fishermen claim historical rights to fish beyond the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL), leading to disputes over fishing rights in the Palk Bay. The IMBL, established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), is meant to regulate maritime activities, but its interpretation remains contentious.

Overfishing on the Indian side has exacerbated the issue, forcing fishermen into Sri Lankan waters, which Sri Lanka considers illegal poaching. Furthermore, the practice of bottom-trawling by Indian fishermen poses serious ecological threats to marine habitats, drawing strong opposition from Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka also expresses national security concerns, fearing that the intrusion of Indian trawlers could facilitate the re-emergence of Tamil militant groups. The ownership of Katchatheevu Island further complicates the situation; while recognized as part of Sri Lanka in a 1974 agreement, access rights for Indian fishermen remain unclear.

Impact of the Dispute

The socio-economic impact on fishing communities is profound, as arrests and conflicts disrupt livelihoods and create distress among families. The rising costs of enforcing the IMBL patrols place a significant strain on resources for both nations. Moreover, distinguishing between genuine fishers and smugglers complicates enforcement and increases the vulnerability of marine resources.

International Legal Framework

The UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) and UNCLOS provide a legal basis for managing fisheries and resolving disputes. These treaties advocate for sustainable fishing practices and cooperation among states sharing marine resources.

Suggested Solutions

To address these issues, establishing a regional fisheries management authority is essential to regulate fishing activities and prevent over-exploitation. The India-Sri Lanka Joint Working Group (JWG) on Fisheries should be revitalized to seek a permanent resolution for fishermen’s issues.

Promoting deep-sea fishing and alternative livelihoods can help reduce pressure on coastal resources. The Indian government should expedite efforts to transition Tamil Nadu fishermen towards deep-sea fishing through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).

Strict enforcement of sustainable fishing regulations, along with clear guidelines for joint fishing activities, is crucial. Both countries should enhance regional cooperation through technology sharing and scientific research. Finally, a humanitarian framework for the treatment of detained fishermen must be established to ensure timely repatriation and legal support.

Conclusion

Resolving the India-Sri Lanka fisheries dispute is not merely an economic or environmental necessity; it is a diplomatic imperative that can enhance regional stability. By leveraging shared interests and cooperating on sustainable fishing practices, both nations can strengthen their bilateral ties and contribute to peace and security in the Indo-Pacific region.

Model Answer

India is currently at the forefront of a technological revolution characterized by rapid advancements in digital infrastructure, artificial intelligence (AI), and indigenous innovation. This transformation is not only pivotal for economic growth but also crucial for improving governance and social welfare. However, several challenges impede inclusive and sustainable technological progress.

Regulatory Uncertainty remains a significant barrier. Frequent policy shifts and complex compliance requirements create an unpredictable environment for startups and investors. For instance, the abrupt changes in electric vehicle policies have led to confusion and slowed down innovation.

The digital divide poses another critical challenge. Despite significant advancements, rural areas still experience low internet penetration, limiting access to essential services. It is estimated that around 665 million Indians lack internet connectivity, exacerbating economic disparities and hindering digital financial inclusion.

Moreover, India faces a shortage of skilled talent and insufficient investment in research and development (R&D). With only 0.65% of GDP allocated to R&D, the country ranks low globally in AI research contributions. This lack of skilled workers in emerging tech fields like AI, cybersecurity, and semiconductor design stifles potential growth.

Cybersecurity threats also loom large, with India witnessing over 79 million cyberattacks in 2023 alone. Vulnerabilities in data protection increase risks for businesses and citizens alike, making robust cybersecurity measures imperative.

Lastly, India’s heavy dependence on foreign technology undermines its tech self-reliance. A significant portion of the digital economy relies on imported semiconductors and cloud services, making local production and innovation essential for long-term stability.

To overcome these challenges, India must adopt a multi-faceted approach. Policy reforms are crucial; establishing a stable regulatory framework will encourage investment and innovation. Expanding the Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) beyond finance to sectors like health and education can enhance access and usability.

Investments in R&D should be increased to foster a culture of innovation and to develop a skilled workforce. Implementing large-scale skill development programs will equip the youth with necessary competencies in emerging technologies.

Additionally, strengthening cybersecurity frameworks through education and dedicated funding for indigenous cybersecurity startups will mitigate risks. Promoting indigenous manufacturing of semiconductors will also reduce reliance on foreign imports and enhance self-sufficiency.

Way Forward

In conclusion, addressing these challenges is vital for India to harness its technological potential effectively. A cohesive strategy that focuses on regulatory stability, infrastructure expansion, talent development, and cybersecurity will not only ensure sustainable growth but also promote inclusive development for all citizens.

मॉडल उत्तर

भारतीय हिमालयी क्षेत्र (IHR) अपनी अद्वितीय पारिस्थितिकी और संसाधनों के लिए जाना जाता है, लेकिन यह पारिस्थितिक दृष्टि से नाजुक भी है। इस क्षेत्र का जलवायु परिवर्तन, ग्लेशियरों का पिघलना, और मानव गतिविधियों के कारण गंभीर खतरे में होना चिंता का विषय है। वर्तमान में, IHR विकास की दृष्टि से महत्वपूर्ण है, क्योंकि यह कृषि, जल विद्युत, और पर्यटन के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण स्रोत है।

IHR की कुछ प्रमुख चुनौतियाँ इस प्रकार हैं:

1. जलवायु-प्रेरित आपदाएँ: बढ़ते तापमान के कारण हिमस्खलन और भूस्खलन की घटनाओं में वृद्धि हो रही है। उदाहरण के लिए, 2025 में उत्तराखंड में हुए हिमस्खलन ने इस क्षेत्र की भेद्यता को उजागर किया है।
2. असंवहनीय अवसंरचना विकास: राजमार्ग और जलविद्युत परियोजनाएँ बिना पर्यावरणीय आकलन के विकसित की जा रही हैं, जिससे भूस्खलन और भूमि अवतलन की समस्याएँ उत्पन्न हो रही हैं।
3. ग्लेशियरों का पिघलना: ग्लेशियर तेजी से पिघल रहे हैं, जिससे जल सुरक्षा पर गंभीर खतरा उत्पन्न हो रहा है। रिपोर्ट्स के अनुसार, यदि तापमान वृद्धि जारी रही, तो सदी के अंत तक ग्लेशियरों का आयतन 75% तक कम हो सकता है।
4. जैव-विविधता का ह्रास: मानव अतिक्रमण और जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण जैव-विविधता में कमी आ रही है, जो पर्यावरण संतुलन के लिए हानिकारक है।
5. सीमा तनाव: चीन और पाकिस्तान के साथ सीमा तनाव ने क्षेत्र की सुरक्षा को प्रभावित किया है, जिससे भारी बुनियादी ढांचे का विकास हो रहा है।
6. अनियमित पर्यटन: पर्यटन में वृद्धि से अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन में कमी आई है, जो पारिस्थितिक संतुलन के लिए खतरा है।

इन चुनौतियों का सामना करने के लिए एक रणनीतिक रोडमैप आवश्यक है:

• पारिस्थितिकी-संवेदनशील बुनियादी ढाँचा: सभी विकास परियोजनाओं के लिए पर्यावरणीय प्रभाव आकलन (EIA) का पालन किया जाना चाहिए, ताकि पारिस्थितिकी को नुकसान न हो।
• संवहनीय पर्यटन नीतियाँ: पर्यटन को नियंत्रित करने के लिए परमिट-आधारित प्रणाली को लागू किया जाना चाहिए, जिससे पर्यावरणीय संतुलन बनाए रखा जा सके।
• जल प्रबंधन और संरक्षण: हिमालयी नदी बेसिन प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण की स्थापना की जानी चाहिए, जो जल संसाधनों का समुचित प्रबंधन सुनिश्चित कर सके।
• वनरोपण और जैव विविधता संरक्षण: स्थानीय पादप प्रजातियों का वनरोपण किया जाना चाहिए, जिससे पारिस्थितिकी को सुदृढ़ किया जा सके।
• आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण: वास्तविक समय निगरानी प्रणाली को विकसित किया जाना चाहिए, जिससे आपदाओं की पूर्व सूचना मिल सके और स्थानीय प्रशासन को सशक्त बनाया जा सके।

आगे की राह

यह स्पष्ट है कि भारतीय हिमालयी क्षेत्र के विकास को पारिस्थितिक संरक्षण के साथ संतुलित करने के लिए एक बहुआयामी दृष्टिकोण आवश्यक है। सभी हितधारकों के सहयोग से ही इस क्षेत्र की दीर्घकालिक sustainability सुनिश्चित की जा सकती है।