The theory of ‘Separation of Powers’ was first stipulated by the French thinker Montesquieu in his seminal work, “Spirit of Laws”(1748). The doctrine implies that, in a State, the powers should be divided between three organs, in the following manner: 

1. Legislature: to make laws 
2. Executive: to execute the laws made by the Legislature
3. Judiciary: to adjudicate, i.e., ensure the fair and just functioning of the laws. 

Ideally, no person should be a member of more than one organ; it helps prevent a conflict of interests between the different organs and also avoidances of the arbitrary use of power in the form of corruption, nepotism, etc., 

The Indian Constitution, while not having any specific provision for the “Separation of Powers” contains various provisions which embody this principle, some examples of which are, as follows: 

• Article 50: states that the Judiciary should be separate from the executive in the public service of the State. 

• Article 121: states that the conduct of Judges in the Supreme Court and the High Courts shall not be discussed in the Parliament, except in the case of an impeachment. 

• Article 122: states that the validity of the proceedings of the Parliament shall not be called into question in any Court(on grounds of irregularity of procedure). 

However, the Separation of Powers in India is not very rigid or watertight as ours is a Parliamentary Democracy(the Executive is drawn from the Legislature). In addition to this, inherent in the doctrine is the concept of Checks and Balances, wherein organs may keep a check on each other to prevent the abuse of power by any of them. 

Examples include Judicial Review, the Removal of Judges by the Parliament, and the Collective Responsibility of the Council of Ministers to the Parliament. 

Therefore, the Separation of Powers is an important political doctrine which is adapted in different forms across various Nation-States.