Invasive alien species (IAS) pose significant environmental and socio-economic threats globally. Environmentally, IAS can disrupt ecosystems by outcompeting native species for resources, leading to reduced biodiversity. They often lack natural predators in their new habitats, allowing their populations to grow unchecked. This can lead to the decline or extinction of native species, altering habitat structures and ecosystem functions. For example, the introduction of zebra mussels in North American waterways has significantly impacted local aquatic ecosystems by filtering out plankton, a key food source for native species.

Socio-economically, IAS can have profound impacts on agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and tourism, sectors that many communities depend on for livelihoods. Agricultural pests like the fall armyworm can devastate crops, leading to food insecurity and economic losses for farmers. In the fisheries sector, invasive species like the Asian carp threaten native fish populations, affecting commercial and recreational fishing industries. In forestry, species like the emerald ash borer can destroy vast numbers of trees, impacting timber production and increasing costs for management and control.

Moreover, IAS can pose health risks, spreading diseases to humans, animals, and plants. For instance, the spread of invasive mosquitoes has been linked to the transmission of diseases like Zika and dengue fever. The economic burden of managing IAS is substantial, often requiring significant financial investment in prevention, control, and restoration efforts. Overall, the presence of IAS necessitates coordinated global efforts to mitigate their impacts and protect both natural ecosystems and human well-being.