The President of India, as the head of state, holds an esteemed and authoritative position in the country’s governance. However, in practice, the President’s powers are mostly symbolic or limited due to the structure of India’s parliamentary democracy. This scenario can indeed be likened to an elderly figure in a family, respected and revered, but often unable to take direct action without the support of the “young members”—in this case, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

Constitutional Powers of the President

• Executive Powers: The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces, appoints the Prime Minister, and has the power to call or dissolve the Parliament. However, these powers are largely exercised based on the advice of the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers, per Article 74 of the Constitution​
• Legislative Powers: The President has the power to summon and prorogue Parliament sessions, give assent to bills, and can issue ordinances when Parliament is not in session. But, in most cases, these legislative actions are guided by the government’s decisions.
• Judicial Powers: The President has certain judicial powers, such as granting pardons. Even here, these decisions often rely on recommendations from the relevant departments.

Limitations of the President’s Role

• Bound by Advice: The Constitution mandates that the President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers. Although the President may request reconsideration, once the Council reaffirms its advice, the President is constitutionally bound to follow it. This can limit independent decision-making.
• Ceremonial Role: Many functions performed by the President are ceremonial, such as representing India at foreign events or hosting dignitaries. This symbolic role is crucial for the unity of the state but does not entail direct political power.

Instances of Assertive Presidential Actions

While generally bound by ministerial advice, some Presidents have exercised their discretion under exceptional circumstances:

• Refusal to Sign Ordinances: Presidents like Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam have questioned certain ordinances, asking for reconsideration by the government. While the President ultimately cannot reject the bill if re-presented, this step can influence governmental reconsideration.
• Role in Government Formation: When no party has a clear majority, the President can exercise discretion in inviting a leader to form the government, as seen during various coalition governments in India. This allows the President some level of influence, albeit temporary.

Comparison to a Family Elder

In many ways, the President’s role resembles an elder in a family:

• Authority with Limitations: Just as an elder may have authority but lacks direct control over young members, the President’s powers are significant in theory but are largely advisory or ceremonial in practice.
• Respect and Symbolic Power: The President is a figure of respect and national unity, much like a respected elder who holds a family together symbolically, even if not actively involved in daily decisions.
• Ability to Influence but Not Control: Like an elder who can advise but cannot enforce, the President can suggest or question government actions but cannot overrule the decisions of the Prime Minister and ministers.

India has strengthened its defense capabilities significantly under the “Make in India” initiative, which aims to enhance self-reliance in defense through indigenous development and production of advanced military technology. Here’s an overview of key scientific advancements under this program that have contributed to India’s defense and security:

1. Indigenous Weapon Systems

The Indian government has launched and indigenized several critical defense platforms:

• Missile Systems: The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has developed various missile systems such as the BrahMos, a supersonic cruise missile co-developed with Russia, and Agni series ballistic missiles. These systems bolster India’s defense and deterrence capabilities, showcasing advancements in both technology and strategic deterrence.
• Missile Testing Facility: A new missile testing range has been approved in Andhra Pradesh, providing critical infrastructure for testing advanced missiles domestically and minimizing dependence on foreign test facilities.

2. Aerospace Advancements

• Fighter Aircraft: The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, designed and developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), strengthens India’s air defense. It has been approved for induction by the Indian Air Force, reducing reliance on imported fighter jets.
• Drones and Surveillance: India has introduced the MQ-9B Predator drones from the U.S., which enhance maritime surveillance, target engagement, and anti-submarine operations. Efforts are underway to develop indigenous drone technology, addressing critical operational requirements in border security.

3. Naval Power

• Nuclear Submarines: India is building indigenous nuclear-powered submarines like the INS Arihant series, crucial for strategic deterrence in the Indian Ocean. These submarines enhance underwater combat capabilities, supporting maritime security and addressing regional threats.
• Warships and Carriers: The INS Vikrant, India’s first indigenous aircraft carrier, symbolizes technological progress and strengthens India’s maritime presence.

4. Armored and Ground Systems

• Main Battle Tanks: India has upgraded its armored capabilities with indigenously designed tanks like the Arjun MBT and modernized the existing T-90 Bhishma tanks. These advancements increase the Army’s ground combat power, particularly along challenging terrains.
• Advanced Communication and Surveillance: Enhanced command and control systems, including real-time tracking and perimeter protection systems, have been implemented to support internal and border security.

5. Defense Manufacturing and Strategic Policy Support

• Defense Industrial Corridors: The establishment of corridors in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh has attracted investment, boosted local defense manufacturing, and created jobs, bringing a regional focus to defense production.
• Strategic Partnerships and FDI: Policies have encouraged partnerships with global defense firms, allowing for knowledge transfer and technological advancement. Additionally, foreign direct investment (FDI) has been liberalized, with up to 74% allowed through the automatic route, enhancing defense production capabilities.

6. Boost to Domestic Industry

• The Positive Indigenization Lists include items that must be sourced domestically, banning the import of 700+ defense items, including ammunition, electronic systems, and aircraft components. This policy ensures demand for Indian manufacturers, fostering the growth of domestic industries, including Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).

India’s commitment to self-reliance in defense is evident in these developments, contributing to improved national security and reducing dependency on foreign arms. With a focus on technology, partnerships, and indigenization, India is well-positioned to become a key player in global defense production.

These initiatives and achievements illustrate the broad impact of the Make in India program on defense, from equipment to industry policy, underscoring India’s resolve to achieve technological sovereignty in defense.