On the positive side, GMOs can lead to

• increased crop yields
• greater resistance to pests and diseases
• reducing the need for chemical pesticides and resulting in healthier crops and environments​.
• They can also be engineered for herbicide tolerance, making weed control more efficient and lessening the overall use of herbicides.
• Nutritional enhancements are another benefit, with GMOs like Golden Rice being fortified with essential vitamins to combat nutritional deficiencies in developing countries.                                                                                      Additionally, GMOs can be designed to withstand adverse conditions such as drought, promoting sustainable agriculture and potentially reducing environmental impact.

However, there are significant challenges associated with GMOs. Environmental concerns include

• The potential for reduced biodiversity and the creation of superweeds through cross-pollination with wild plants leads to herbicide-resistant strains that are difficult to manage.
• Health risks, though rigorously tested, remain a topic of debate regarding long-term effects and potential allergic reactions.
• Economic and ethical issues also arise, particularly with large agricultural corporations holding patents on genetically modified seeds, which can increase costs for farmers and lead to concerns about the monopolization of the food supply​.

  Furthermore, regulatory and acceptance challenges exist, as different countries have varying regulations and public opinion on GMOs, which can create trade barriers and consumer resistance. Balancing these benefits and challenges is crucial for the future of GMOs in agriculture.