**Chipko Movement (1970s)**

**Objectives:**

1. **Conservation of Forests:** The Chipko movement aimed to protect the forests and the rights of local communities to use them sustainably.
2. **Empowerment of Women:** The movement sought to empower women to take an active role in environmental conservation and decision-making processes.

**Strategies:**

1. **Non-Violent Direct Action:** The movement employed non-violent direct action, including hugging trees (hugging the trees to prevent logging) and organizing sit-ins.
2. **Community-Based Conservation:** The movement focused on community-based conservation, involving local communities in the management and protection of forests.
3. **Education and Awareness:** The movement raised awareness about the importance of forests and the impact of deforestation on the environment and local communities.

**Contribution:**

1. **Protection of Forests:** The Chipko movement helped protect several hundred thousand hectares of forests in the Himalayas.
2. **Empowerment of Women:** The movement empowered women to take a leading role in environmental conservation and community decision-making processes.
3. **Sustainable Development:** The Chipko movement promoted sustainable development by highlighting the importance of conservation and community involvement in forest management.

**Save the Narmada Movement (1980s-1990s)**

**Objectives:**

1. **Protection of the Narmada River:** The movement aimed to protect the Narmada River from large-scale dam projects and promote sustainable development.
2. **Resettlement and Rehabilitation:** The movement sought to ensure fair compensation and rehabilitation for displaced communities affected by dam projects.

**Strategies:**

1. **Non-Violent Protests:** The movement employed non-violent protests, including sit-ins, hunger strikes, and marches.
2. **Mass Mobilization:** The movement mobilized large numbers of people, including farmers, tribals, and workers, to participate in protests and campaigns.
3. **International Support:** The movement gained international support from environmental organizations and human rights groups.

**Contribution:**

1. **Protection of the Narmada River:** The Save the Narmada Movement helped delay and modify large-scale dam projects, ensuring that the Narmada River remained relatively untouched.
2. **Resettlement and Rehabilitation:** The movement ensured fair compensation and rehabilitation for displaced communities, promoting just treatment for affected individuals.
3. **Promotion of Sustainable Development:** The Save the Narmada Movement highlighted the importance of sustainable development, emphasizing the need for environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices.

**Evaluation:**

Both the Chipko movement and the Save the Narmada movement demonstrate the effectiveness of environmental pressure groups in promoting conservation, protecting indigenous communities, and advocating for sustainable development. Their strategies, including non-violent direct action, community-based conservation, education, and mass mobilization, have contributed to significant positive outcomes:

1. **Environmental Conservation:** Both movements have protected significant areas of natural habitats, highlighting the importance of community-based conservation.
2. **Indigenous Community Protection:** Both movements have prioritized the rights and well-being of indigenous communities, ensuring fair treatment and compensation for affected individuals.
3. **Sustainable Development:** Both movements have promoted sustainable development by emphasizing the need for environmentally friendly and socially responsible practices.

However, both movements have also faced challenges, such as government resistance, lack of resources, and limited public awareness. Despite these challenges, their legacy continues to inspire future generations of environmental activists and advocates for social justice.