Model Answer

Introduction

Inter-caste marriages between castes with socio-economic parity have indeed increased, while inter-religious marriages remain less common due to various socio-cultural factors.

Increase in Inter-Caste Marriages

1. Urbanization and Education: The rise of urban areas and higher education levels have facilitated interactions among individuals from different castes, particularly those with similar economic backgrounds. This has led to a greater acceptance of inter-caste marriages.
2. Economic Independence: Financial independence, especially among women, has shifted the focus from caste-based considerations to personal choice in marriage.
3. Changing Social Norms: Societal attitudes towards caste have evolved, particularly among younger generations, allowing for more flexibility in marrying within socio-economically similar castes.
4. Economic Parity as a Bridge: When individuals from different castes share similar socio-economic statuses, caste barriers tend to diminish, making inter-caste marriages more acceptable.
5. Government Incentives: Initiatives like the Ambedkar Scheme for Social Integration through Inter-Caste Marriages provide financial incentives, encouraging such unions.
6. Workplace Exposure: Modern workplaces, particularly in sectors like IT, have brought together individuals from diverse castes, fostering relationships based on shared professional interests.
7. Decline of Caste-Based Occupations: The weakening link between caste and occupation has led to greater social mobility, making inter-caste marriages more acceptable among economically similar groups.

Lower Prevalence of Inter-Religious Marriages

1. Strong Religious Identities: Religious identity remains a significant cultural marker, with families often prioritizing the maintenance of religious traditions, which discourages inter-religious marriages.
2. Community Pressures: Social and familial pressures can deter individuals from pursuing inter-religious unions due to fears of losing religious identity.
3. Legal Complexities: Legal challenges surrounding inter-religious marriages, including issues related to conversion and inheritance, complicate these unions.
4. Cultural Differences: Despite socio-economic parity, differing cultural practices and rituals between religions can discourage inter-religious marriages.
5. Fear of Social Ostracism: Couples in inter-religious marriages often face the threat of ostracism from their communities, which can deter them from considering such unions.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while inter-caste marriages have seen a rise, particularly among socio-economically similar castes, inter-religious marriages face more significant barriers due to entrenched religious and cultural norms.