Model Answer

Introduction

Irrigation refers to the artificial application of water to land to assist in the growth of crops. It is vital for ensuring consistent agricultural productivity in India, particularly in regions with erratic rainfall. In a country where agriculture is the backbone of the economy, effective irrigation is essential for food security, improving crop yields, and boosting farmers’ incomes.

Irrigation Scenario of India:

• Percentage of Irrigated Area: As of 2022-23, India has approximately 141 million hectares of land under cultivation, with 52% (about 73 million hectares) under irrigation. This is a significant increase from 41% in 2016, highlighting positive trends in irrigation expansion.
• Methods of Irrigation:
  • Groundwater Irrigation: Around 62% of irrigation in India relies on groundwater, making it the dominant method. This includes the use of wells, tubewells, and borewells.
  • Canals: Approximately 26% of irrigation is through canal systems. The growing reliance on groundwater has raised concerns about its sustainability, especially in areas with over-exploitation.
• Regional Disparities: There are significant differences in irrigation access across regions. While some states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh have extensive irrigation infrastructure, others, particularly in eastern and central India, still have limited irrigation coverage.

Current Initiatives to Increase Irrigated Area:

• Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Launched in 2015, PMKSY aims to increase irrigation efficiency and expand the area under irrigation. Key components of this initiative include:
  • Micro-irrigation (e.g., drip and sprinkler systems) to optimize water usage.
  • Watershed development to enhance water storage and reduce wastage.
  • The Per Drop More Crop component focuses on maximizing agricultural productivity with minimal water.
• Command Area Development (CAD) Program: This initiative aims to improve water use efficiency in areas under major and medium irrigation projects. By focusing on distribution and management, CAD helps farmers make better use of available water.
• Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Program (AIBP): AIBP focuses on completing stalled irrigation projects and improving water resource utilization. This program aims to ensure that irrigation systems are not just built but are functional and sustainable.
• Watershed Management and Rainwater Harvesting: Integrated watershed development programs (IWDP) aim to conserve water and increase its availability. By restoring degraded watersheds, these initiatives help improve water quality and availability for agriculture.
• Promotion of Micro-irrigation: The government encourages the use of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems through the PMKSY – Per Drop More Crop initiative. These systems help save water, improve crop yields, and reduce labor costs.
• Dams and Reservoirs: Large-scale irrigation projects like the Bhakra Nangal Dam, Hirakud Dam, and Sardar Sarovar Dam play a crucial role in storing water for agricultural use. As of 2021, 21 dam projects were under review for construction . These dams ensure a stable water supply for irrigation during dry periods.
• Technology and Innovation: The use of technologies like remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) helps monitor water resources efficiently. This ensures better planning and management of irrigation systems, reducing wastage and improving water allocation.