Ozone layer depletion is primarily caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other ozone-depleting substances used in refrigeration, aerosols, and foam production. These chemicals release chlorine and bromine upon exposure to UV radiation, which breaks down ozone molecules.

The effects of ozone depletion include increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, leading to higher skin cancer rates, cataracts, and weakened immune systems in humans. It also adversely affects ecosystems, reducing crop yields, and harming marine life, particularly phytoplankton. Additionally, disruptions in weather patterns and climate change may occur, impacting biodiversity and global food security.