Measures Taken by the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments to Strengthen Local Government

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments of 1992 marked a significant step towards decentralizing power and enhancing local governance in India, fundamentally altering the landscape of democratic participation.

73rd Constitutional Amendment

1. Establishment of Panchayati Raj Institutions: This amendment mandated the establishment of a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj—Gram Panchayat at the village level, Panchayat Samiti at the block level, and Zila Parishad at the district level, thus institutionalizing local governance.
2. Reservation of Seats: It provided 33% reservation for women in local bodies, significantly increasing female representation and participation in decision-making processes. Recent elections have seen women actively leading as Sarpanchs, promoting grassroots development.
3. Devolution of Powers: States are required to delegate powers and responsibilities to local bodies concerning planning and implementation of economic development and social justice.

74th Constitutional Amendment

1. Municipal Governance: This amendment established urban local bodies, including Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils, and Nagar Panchayats, thereby addressing the governance needs of urban areas.
2. Empowerment and Autonomy: It ensured local bodies have the authority to levy taxes, generate revenue, and manage urban services such as waste management and housing, promoting self-sufficiency.
3. State Election Commission: The amendment mandates the establishment of a State Election Commission to oversee the conduct of elections for local bodies, ensuring free and fair electoral processes.

Recent Examples

Recent local body elections in states like Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh have showcased increased voter turnout and participation, particularly among women, thanks to the provisions established by these amendments.

In conclusion, the 73rd and 74th Amendments have played a crucial role in strengthening local governance, enhancing democratic participation, and addressing local issues effectively.