Create a clear, labeled diagram of the chloroplast’s ultrastructure. What is meant by “dark and light reaction”? What region of the chloroplast are these reactions occurring in? [Answer Limit: 125 words] [UKPSC 2012]
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The ultra-structure of a chloroplast consists of several key components:
1. **Outer Membrane**
2. **Inner Membrane**
3. **Stroma**: The fluid-filled space containing enzymes for the dark reaction.
4. **Thylakoids**: Membrane-bound sacs stacked as granum, where light reactions occur.
5. **Granum**: Stacks of thylakoids.
**Light Reaction** occurs in the thylakoid membranes, where chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, splitting water molecules to produce oxygen, ATP, and NADPH.
**Dark Reaction** (Calvin Cycle) takes place in the stroma, utilizing ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. Both reactions are essential for photosynthesis, enabling plants to capture and store energy.