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Studies for environmental impact assessments are being conducted more often before the government approves a project. Talk about the effects coal-fired thermal plants at coal pitheads have on the environment. (200 words) [UPSC 2014]
Introduction: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies are crucial for evaluating the potential effects of projects before government approval. Coal-fired thermal plants, especially those located at coal pitheads, have significant environmental impacts that must be carefully assessed.
Environmental Impacts of Coal-Fired Thermal Plants:
Recent Examples:
Conclusion: Coal-fired thermal plants at coal pitheads pose several environmental challenges, including air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, water usage and pollution, land degradation, and health impacts. EIA studies are essential to identify and mitigate these impacts, ensuring that such projects comply with environmental standards and contribute to sustainable development. As India continues to rely on coal for energy, improving the environmental performance of these plants and transitioning to cleaner energy sources are critical for minimizing their ecological footprint.
Model Answer
Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies are essential for evaluating the potential environmental impacts of proposed projects, including coal-fired thermal plants located at coal pitheads. These assessments are crucial for identifying and mitigating the significant environmental impacts associated with such facilities.
Environmental Impacts
Air Pollution
Coal-fired thermal plants are major contributors to air pollution in India. They emit substantial quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which lead to the formation of smog, acid rain, and various respiratory illnesses. In 2022, CO2 emissions from burning coal accounted for about 55% of total CO2 emissions from the electric power sector in the U.S., highlighting the global relevance of this issue.
Water Pollution
These plants require large volumes of water for cooling, resulting in the discharge of heated water into nearby water bodies. This thermal pollution can adversely affect aquatic ecosystems and degrade water quality. Additionally, the discharge of fly ash and other pollutants can contaminate rivers and lakes, posing risks to both aquatic life and human health.
Soil Contamination
Coal ash, a byproduct of coal combustion, contains heavy metals such as arsenic, mercury, and lead. These contaminants can leach into the soil and groundwater, posing serious health risks to humans, animals, and plants, and disrupting local ecosystems. For instance, the proposed 1320 MW Khurja Super Thermal Power Plant in Uttar Pradesh has raised concerns regarding its potential environmental impact, prompting EIA studies to assess its effects on the environment and local communities.
Conclusion
Coal-fired thermal plants at coal pitheads have profound environmental impacts, including air and water pollution and soil contamination. EIA studies are vital for identifying these impacts and developing effective mitigation strategies. It is imperative that these assessments are conducted independently and that mitigation measures are strictly enforced to minimize adverse environmental effects.