In fluvial systems, the balance between sediment deposition and transport in a river or stream is referred to as dynamic equilibrium. When a river is in a condition of dynamic equilibrium, it modifies its flow velocity, channel shape, and slope to effectively move the sediment that is fed to it, preserving a comparatively stable form throughout time. Because of this balance, the river can withstand fluctuations in sediment load and water discharge without experiencing significant alterations to its general structure or behavior. Geological, vegetational, and climatic factors all have a significant impact on the type and quantity of sediment that enters the river system, which helps to maintain this equilibrium.

Disruptions to this dynamic equilibrium can lead to significant geomorphological transformations. Natural events like heavy rainfall, flooding, and landslides can increase sediment load or alter water flow, pushing the river system out of balance. Human activities such as deforestation, urbanization, dam construction, and mining can also drastically change sediment supply and water discharge patterns. These disruptions can cause the river to either aggrade (build up sediment) or degrade (erode its bed and banks), leading to changes in channel morphology, altered flow patterns, and potentially severe environmental impacts such as habitat loss and increased flood risk.