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Home/upsc: india & neighbourhood/Page 3

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Rajashree Shirke
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Rajashree ShirkeLearner
Asked: January 22, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction (30-40 words) Briefly introduce India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy, its main objective, and its focus on strengthening diplomatic, economic, and security relations with South Asian neighbours. Example Introduction: India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy, initiated in 2014, aims to enhance ...

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Positive Outcomes of the Policy Infrastructure and Connectivity: One of the key achievements of the policy is the improvement in regional infrastructure. Notable projects include the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline, which enhances energy trade, and cross-border railways with Nepal,Read more

    Model Answer

    Positive Outcomes of the Policy

    Infrastructure and Connectivity: One of the key achievements of the policy is the improvement in regional infrastructure. Notable projects include the India-Bangladesh Friendship Pipeline, which enhances energy trade, and cross-border railways with Nepal, which facilitate smoother trade and mobility between the two nations.

    Enhanced Diplomatic Relations: The policy has also seen tangible improvements in diplomatic ties. For example, the opening of the Kartarpur Corridor between India and Pakistan in 2019 allowed Sikh pilgrims to visit a sacred site in Pakistan, marking a rare moment of cooperation between the two nations. Similarly, the 2021 ceasefire agreement along the Line of Control (LoC) between India and Pakistan indicated a positive step towards regional peace.

    Humanitarian and Economic Support: India has actively supported its neighbours in times of crisis, such as providing assistance during the 2015 Nepal earthquake and 2017 Sri Lanka floods. During the COVID-19 pandemic, India’s ‘Vaccine Maitri’ initiative saw it provide vaccines to several neighbouring countries. Furthermore, economic aid to Sri Lanka during its 2023 economic crisis, and increased financial assistance to Bhutan, demonstrates India’s commitment to fostering regional stability.

    Security Cooperation: India’s collaboration with neighbouring countries in counter-terrorism efforts, intelligence sharing, and border management has contributed to enhanced regional security, notably through efforts with Bangladesh in tackling terrorism.

    Challenges and Concerns

    Despite these successes, the policy faces several challenges. Relations with some neighbours, such as the Maldives, have been strained, particularly due to political campaigns like the ‘India Out’ movement. Security issues, including cross-border terrorism and drug trafficking, remain persistent due to porous borders.

    Additionally, China’s growing influence in South Asia, especially through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), poses a threat to India’s regional dominance.

    In conclusion, while India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy has yielded significant successes in terms of infrastructure, diplomatic ties, and regional security, there are ongoing challenges that need to be addressed for it to fully achieve its potential.

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: February 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce Indo-Nepal relations, emphasizing their historical connections in culture, politics, and economics. Mention the recent shifts in these relations. 2. Recent Factors Influencing the Shift Border Disputes Discuss the Kalapani dispute and its implications for bilateral relations. Fact: Nepal’s claims ...

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Team
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Recent Factors Influencing the Shift in Indo-Nepal Relations Indo-Nepal relations, historically characterized by deep-rooted cultural and economic ties, have recently experienced significant shifts due to several factors: Border Disputes: The ongoing territorial disputes, particularly oRead more

    Model Answer

    Recent Factors Influencing the Shift in Indo-Nepal Relations

    Indo-Nepal relations, historically characterized by deep-rooted cultural and economic ties, have recently experienced significant shifts due to several factors:

    1. Border Disputes: The ongoing territorial disputes, particularly over Kalapani, have strained relations. Nepal’s assertion of claims over this area has led to heightened tensions.
    2. Perception of India’s Influence: Nepal’s perception of India’s “big brother” attitude, especially during the 2015 economic blockade and perceived political interference in the Madhesi issue, has fostered resentment.
    3. Security Concerns: The porous border has led to issues such as illegal migration and trafficking, raising security concerns for both nations.
    4. Chinese Influence: Nepal’s engagement with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) poses a strategic challenge for India, as it seeks to maintain its influence in the region.

    Suggested Measures for India to Enhance Relations

    To revitalize Indo-Nepal relations, India can implement several strategic measures:

    • Cultural and Religious Engagement: Strengthening cultural ties and promoting religious harmony can help rebuild trust.
    • Diplomatic Reliability: Both nations should work towards fulfilling political assurances and enhancing diplomatic reliability to address trust deficits.
    • Reviewing the 1950 Treaty: Addressing concerns related to the Eminent Persons’ Group report and reviewing the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship can help modernize bilateral relations.
    • Bilateral Mechanisms: Energizing bilateral committees to address border disputes and other issues can create a more cordial environment.
    • Infrastructure Development: Establishing effective connectivity through railways and waterways, alongside ongoing projects like the cross-border petroleum pipeline, can enhance economic ties.
    • Strategic Communication: Regular political engagements between Kathmandu and Delhi can facilitate discussions on comprehensive strategic issues.

    By focusing on these areas, India can strengthen its relationship with Nepal, ensuring mutual benefits and regional stability.

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Adheesh Raman
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Adheesh RamanLearner
Asked: February 11, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Introduce the context of India’s traditional influence in South Asia. Briefly mention the growing presence of China and its implications for India. 2. Impact of China’s Presence on India Security and Sovereignty Challenges Discuss the CPEC’s route through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. Fact: ...

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Introduction China's growing presence in India's neighboring countries has significantly impacted India's strategic interests, necessitating a more active approach in executing its Neighborhood First policy. Challenges to India's Interests Security and Sovereignty: The China-Pakistan EcRead more

    Model Answer

    Introduction

    China’s growing presence in India’s neighboring countries has significantly impacted India’s strategic interests, necessitating a more active approach in executing its Neighborhood First policy.

    Challenges to India’s Interests

    1. Security and Sovereignty: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) traverses through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, which India claims as its territory. This not only challenges India’s territorial integrity but also enhances China’s strategic foothold in the region. Additionally, China’s increasing assertiveness on border issues with India and Bhutan has created a security dilemma for New Delhi.
    2. Infrastructure Projects: Chinese investments in critical infrastructure, such as the Hambantota and Colombo ports in Sri Lanka and Gwadar port in Pakistan, have increased China’s proximity to India. These projects are often viewed as part of China’s broader strategy to encircle India.
    3. Debt Trap Diplomacy: China’s financial engagements often lead to unsustainable debt for neighboring countries, compelling them to align their policies against India’s interests. This has been evident in Sri Lanka and the Maldives, where Chinese influence has grown at India’s expense.
    4. Political Interference: China’s involvement in local politics, particularly in Nepal, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives, undermines India’s traditional influence and complicates its diplomatic relations.
    5. Cultural Relations: China’s soft power initiatives, including COVID-19 assistance and educational scholarships, have enhanced its appeal in the region, diminishing India’s role as the primary developmental partner.

    India’s Response: Neighborhood First Policy

    In response to these challenges, India has actively pursued its Neighborhood First policy, which aims to strengthen ties with its immediate neighbors through:

    • Economic Diplomacy: India has extended lines of credit and developmental assistance to South Asian countries, excluding Pakistan, to foster economic ties.
    • Connectivity Projects: Initiatives like the BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) connectivity project aim to enhance regional cooperation and infrastructure development.
    • International Cooperation: India has engaged with countries like Japan and the USA to undertake developmental projects, thereby countering China’s influence.
    • Political Engagement: India has maintained proactive diplomatic relations, as seen in its quick engagement with the new government in Sri Lanka and similar approaches in Nepal and Bangladesh.

    Conclusion

    India’s Neighborhood First policy is crucial for countering China’s expansionism and reshaping its narrative in the region. Sustaining this proactive approach will be essential for India to reinforce its influence and ensure long-term stability in South Asia.

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Pankaj Gautam
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Pankaj GautamLearner
Asked: June 6, 2024In:
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The mutual understanding between Bangladesh and India has allowed the two countries to maintain their “Golden Chapter” in spite of significant obstacles. Talk about it. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Prateek
    Prateek Learner

    Answer: In recent years, the India-Bangladesh relationship has witnessed unprecedented cooperation with both countries successfully resolving several old problems such as the exchange of conclaves and the conclusion of long-pending land and maritime boundary agreements. However, certain challenges rRead more

    Answer: In recent years, the India-Bangladesh relationship has witnessed unprecedented cooperation with both countries successfully resolving several old problems such as the exchange of conclaves and the conclusion of long-pending land and maritime boundary agreements. However, certain challenges remain, such as:

    • River disputes: India shares 54 transboundary rivers with Bangladesh. Some of the major disputes include the Teesta River water sharing issue, the Tipaimukh Hydroelectric power project (proposed) on Barak River, etc.
    • Illegal immigrants: India has witnessed a huge influx of illegal migrants through its porous borders with Bangladesh and both countries have their own version regarding this issue.
    • Rohingya crisis: Bangladesh expects India to resolve the Rohingya crisis by putting pressure on Myanmar.
    • Border management: It remains a bigger challenge due to the porous nature of the border, which provides pathways to the smuggling, and trafficking of arms, drugs, people, and cattle.
    • Completing existing projects: Delay in execution of projects like Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal Initiative (BBIN).
    • The China factor: China is increasing its presence in Bangladesh, which can induce Bangladesh to use the China card to supplement its bargaining capacity against India.
    • Increasing radicalization: The presence of groups like Jamaat-e-Islami and Harkat-ul-Jihad-al Islami Bangladesh (HuJI-B) fuels anti-India sentiments.

    Notwithstanding the continued existence of the aforementioned issues, the two countries have been able to move forward and strengthen their relationship through several measures, including:

    • Economic cooperation:
      • Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia and fourth largest destination for Indian exports with bilateral trade rising from $2.4 billion in 2009 to $10.8 billion in 2020- 21.
      • Bangladesh is the biggest development partner of India today. India has extended 3 Lines of Credits (LOC) to Bangladesh in the last 8 years amounting to US$ 8 billion.
      • Cumulative FDI from India to Bangladesh has more than doubled from 2014-18 to around 570 million USD.
      • Both countries aim to conclude negotiations for the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) by 2026.
    • Security cooperation:
      • Both countries have agreed “to continue close security cooperation” over counter-terrorism, border crimes, and border management.
      • Through the defense cooperation framework pact, India is providing military equipment and technology transfer for enhancing cooperation in the field of strategic and operational studies. Bangladesh is helping India in combating secessionist activities in North Eastern India by denying safe havens for them.
      • Bangladesh has taken significant steps in dealing with major Indian insurgent organizations and maintained close cooperation with India in terms of intelligence sharing and security matters.
    • Enhanced connectivity:
      • Both countries have agreed “to build resilient supply chains” between the two countries and “across the region” through more rail, road, inland waterways, and coastal shipping linkages.
      • Through the Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade, India is assisting Bangladesh to capture the potential of waterways. Akhaura-Agartala rail track will provide a major boost to the development and economy of eastern Bangladesh & north eastern India and reduce the distance between Kolkata and Dhaka by almost 1100 km.
    • Capacity building:
      • SAARC satellite and National Knowledge Network helps boost Bangladesh’s digital capacity.
    • Cultural ties:
      • It is being strengthened through a joint declaration for the celebration of Mahatma Gandhi’s birth anniversary (2019), 50 years of the Bangladesh War of Liberation (2021), etc.

    Thus, notwithstanding some persisting challenges in the bilateral relationship, the two countries have shown maturity in moving forward on other issues, which has been termed as the “Golden Chapter” in the bilateral relationship between the two countries.

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Rahul Singh
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Rahul SinghBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Evaluate the long-term strategic effects of India’s neighborhood policy on its goal of emerging as a major world power. Talk about the possible obstacles and the changes India needs to make to its strategy in the area.

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Anirudh Singh
    Anirudh Singh Learner

    Long-Term Strategic Implications of India's Neighborhood Policy on Its Global Aspirations India's neighborhood policy plays a critical role in shaping its aspirations to become a leading global power. The way India manages its relationships with neighboring countries impacts its regional stability,Read more

    Long-Term Strategic Implications of India’s Neighborhood Policy on Its Global Aspirations

    India’s neighborhood policy plays a critical role in shaping its aspirations to become a leading global power. The way India manages its relationships with neighboring countries impacts its regional stability, economic growth, and international standing. Here’s an assessment of the long-term strategic implications, potential roadblocks, and necessary adjustments in India’s approach:

    Strategic Implications
    Regional Stability and Influence:

    Enhanced Regional Influence: A stable and cooperative neighborhood can bolster India’s influence in South Asia and beyond. For instance, successful diplomacy with Bangladesh and Nepal has led to enhanced bilateral trade and infrastructure projects, strengthening India’s role as a regional leader.
    Leadership Role in South Asia: By promoting regional integration and development, India can position itself as the primary driver of South Asian growth, reinforcing its status as a regional hegemon.
    Economic Growth and Integration:

    Economic Integration: Effective neighborhood policy can facilitate greater economic integration, creating opportunities for trade, investment, and regional infrastructure projects. For example, India’s initiatives such as the South Asia Satellite and Transboundary River Basin Cooperation aim to enhance regional connectivity and cooperation.
    Market Expansion: Stable relations with neighboring countries can open new markets for Indian goods and services, contributing to sustained economic growth and increasing India’s global economic footprint.
    Strategic Positioning:

    Counterbalancing Rivals: A well-managed neighborhood policy can help India counterbalance the influence of rival powers, particularly China. India’s active role in the Quad Alliance and strategic partnerships with countries like Japan and Australia are efforts to counter Chinese expansionism.
    Strengthening Global Alliances: By demonstrating leadership in its region, India can enhance its credibility as a global power and attract strategic partnerships with other major powers.
    Potential Roadblocks
    Geopolitical Tensions:

    Conflicts with Neighbors: Persistent conflicts with countries like Pakistan and unresolved issues with China, such as border disputes, can undermine India’s regional stability and its global ambitions. For example, the ongoing border tensions with China in Eastern Ladakh have strained relations and diverted resources.
    Internal Instability: Political instability or conflicts within neighboring countries, such as Sri Lanka’s internal issues or Myanmar’s political crisis, can create regional uncertainties affecting India’s strategic goals.
    Economic Challenges:

    Economic Disparities: Economic disparities and development challenges in neighboring countries can limit the effectiveness of India’s regional economic initiatives. For instance, economic instability in Sri Lanka and Afghanistan affects regional trade and investment.
    Resource Allocation: Balancing economic aid and investment in neighboring countries while addressing domestic needs can strain India’s resources and impact its global aspirations.
    Diplomatic Complexity:

    Multilateral Dynamics: Navigating the diverse interests of multiple regional and extra-regional actors can complicate India’s neighborhood policy. The varying priorities of countries like the U.S., Russia, and the EU can create diplomatic challenges.
    Internal Political Divisions: Domestic political divisions and differing views on foreign policy can affect the consistency and effectiveness of India’s neighborhood policy.
    Necessary Adjustments
    Enhanced Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution:

    Proactive Engagement: India should adopt a proactive diplomatic approach to address and resolve conflicts with neighboring countries. Engaging in dialogue and confidence-building measures can help manage tensions and foster cooperation.
    Regional Frameworks: Strengthening regional frameworks such as SAARC and exploring new regional cooperation mechanisms can enhance regional stability and integration.
    Economic and Developmental Initiatives:

    Infrastructure Investment: Investing in cross-border infrastructure projects, such as the BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement (with Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal), can enhance connectivity and economic integration.
    Development Assistance: Providing targeted development assistance to neighboring countries can improve economic stability and create a more favorable environment for India’s regional leadership.
    Strategic Partnerships:

    Diversifying Alliances: Expanding strategic partnerships beyond the immediate neighborhood can help India build a broader network of support. Strengthening ties with countries like Japan, Australia, and ASEAN members can provide additional leverage.
    Balancing Great Power Relations: India should balance its relationships with extra-regional powers to avoid over-reliance on any single country and ensure a coherent strategy that supports its global aspirations.
    Conclusion
    India’s neighborhood policy has significant long-term strategic implications for its aspiration to become a leading global power. By addressing potential roadblocks and making necessary adjustments, India can enhance its regional influence, economic growth, and global standing. A strategic, balanced approach that emphasizes diplomacy, economic integration, and strategic partnerships will be crucial for realizing its ambitions on the global stage.

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Rahul Singh
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Rahul SinghBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Analyze India’s attempts to mediate settlements of regional disputes and conflicts, including the political unrest in the Maldives and the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh. Talk about the shortcomings and achievements of India’s neighborhood conflict resolution strategy.

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Anirudh Singh
    Anirudh Singh Learner

    India's mediation efforts in resolving regional conflicts and disputes, such as the political crisis in the Maldives and the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh, highlight its role as a regional power and its commitment to promoting stability in South Asia. Here’s an analysis of India’s approach,Read more

    India’s mediation efforts in resolving regional conflicts and disputes, such as the political crisis in the Maldives and the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh, highlight its role as a regional power and its commitment to promoting stability in South Asia. Here’s an analysis of India’s approach, including its successes and limitations:

    Political Crisis in the Maldives
    India’s Mediation Efforts
    Diplomatic Engagement: India has played an active diplomatic role in addressing the political crisis in the Maldives, particularly during the 2018 political upheaval when President Abdulla Yameen faced accusations of authoritarianism and electoral malpractice.

    Support for Democratic Processes: India supported international calls for fair elections and democratic processes in the Maldives. It emphasized the need for peaceful resolution and respect for democratic norms.

    Humanitarian Assistance: India extended humanitarian support and offered assistance in various forms, including medical aid and logistical support, during times of political instability.

    Successes
    Facilitating a Democratic Transition: India’s diplomatic efforts contributed to the eventual peaceful transition of power in the Maldives. The elections held in September 2018 led to the victory of opposition leader Ibrahim Mohamed Solih, which was seen as a step towards restoring democratic governance.

    Strengthening Bilateral Ties: India’s support during the crisis helped in rebuilding and strengthening its bilateral ties with the Maldives, which had been strained under the previous administration.

    Limitations
    Perceived Interference: India’s involvement was sometimes perceived as interference by some Maldivian political factions and the public, leading to accusations of attempting to influence internal affairs.

    Geopolitical Competition: The presence of other external actors, particularly China, in the Maldives complicated India’s mediation efforts. China’s growing influence in the region created challenges for India’s diplomatic engagement.

    Internal Resistance: There was resistance within the Maldives to external involvement, which sometimes hampered India’s mediation efforts and limited its influence over the political resolution.

    Rohingya Refugee Crisis in Bangladesh
    India’s Mediation Efforts
    Diplomatic Support: India has engaged diplomatically with both Bangladesh and Myanmar to address the Rohingya refugee crisis. India has called for a peaceful resolution and respect for human rights in Myanmar.

    Humanitarian Assistance: India has provided humanitarian aid to Bangladesh to support the Rohingya refugees. This includes financial assistance, medical supplies, and other forms of relief.

    Engagement with Myanmar: India has worked with Myanmar to encourage the safe and voluntary return of Rohingya refugees to their homes in Rakhine State, emphasizing the need for a sustainable solution.

    Successes
    Support to Bangladesh: India’s humanitarian aid and support have been beneficial to Bangladesh in managing the refugee crisis. This has strengthened India’s relationship with Bangladesh and demonstrated its commitment to regional stability.

    Diplomatic Pressure: India’s engagement has added to the international pressure on Myanmar to address the root causes of the Rohingya crisis and work towards a resolution.

    Limitations
    Limited Influence: India’s influence over Myanmar’s actions has been limited, particularly given Myanmar’s complex internal dynamics and the role of the military in the crisis. India’s efforts have not led to significant progress in resolving the crisis.

    Regional Sensitivities: The refugee crisis has strained regional relations, and India’s position has sometimes been seen as cautious or insufficiently assertive, balancing its strategic interests and humanitarian concerns.

    Geopolitical Constraints: India’s approach to the crisis has been constrained by geopolitical factors, including its relationship with Myanmar and the broader regional dynamics involving China and other international actors.

    Conclusion
    India’s mediation efforts in resolving regional conflicts, such as the political crisis in the Maldives and the Rohingya refugee crisis in Bangladesh, illustrate its active role in promoting stability and addressing humanitarian issues in South Asia. While there have been notable successes, such as facilitating democratic transitions and providing humanitarian aid, there are also limitations related to perceived interference, geopolitical competition, and constrained influence.

    India’s approach to conflict resolution demonstrates its commitment to regional stability and humanitarian principles, but the effectiveness of its efforts is often influenced by complex regional dynamics and the actions of other external actors. Balancing its diplomatic, humanitarian, and strategic interests remains a key challenge in enhancing its conflict resolution capabilities in the neighborhood.

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Prakher Singh
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Prakher SinghBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Analyze India’s efforts to support development and enhance capability in its neighborhood, including the South Asia Satellite project and the UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) regional connectivity campaign. Examine these programs’ implications for soft power and strategy.

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Yuvaan Iyer
    Yuvaan Iyer Learner

    India has been actively engaged in providing development assistance and capacity-building initiatives in its neighboring countries to foster regional integration, connectivity, and cooperation. Two notable programs in this regard are the UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) regional connectivity scheme andRead more

    India has been actively engaged in providing development assistance and capacity-building initiatives in its neighboring countries to foster regional integration, connectivity, and cooperation. Two notable programs in this regard are the UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) regional connectivity scheme and the South Asia Satellite project. These initiatives have strategic and soft power implications, contributing to India’s influence and goodwill in the region. In this article, we will examine these programs, discussing their strategic significance and soft power implications.

    UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) Regional Connectivity Scheme:

    Strategic Significance: The UDAN scheme aims to enhance regional connectivity by developing underserved and unserved airports in India and neighboring countries. This initiative helps promote economic growth, tourism, and people-to-people exchanges within the region. It strengthens India’s strategic ties with neighboring nations by providing improved transportation infrastructure and facilitating smoother movement of goods and people.
    Soft Power Implications: UDAN showcases India’s commitment to regional integration and development. By extending its aviation infrastructure and services to neighboring countries, India enhances its soft power influence in the region. The scheme fosters goodwill, strengthens cultural and economic ties, and generates positive perceptions of India as a reliable partner and contributor to regional progress.
    South Asia Satellite Project:

    Strategic Significance: The South Asia Satellite project, also known as GSAT-9 or SAARC Satellite, is an Indian satellite dedicated to providing communication and broadcasting services to South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) member countries. The project aims to bridge the digital divide, facilitate telecommunication, and support disaster management and telemedicine initiatives. It enhances regional cooperation, connectivity, and disaster response capabilities, strengthening India’s strategic influence and regional leadership.
    Soft Power Implications: The South Asia Satellite project demonstrates India’s technological prowess and commitment to regional cooperation. By extending satellite services to neighboring countries, India enhances its soft power by providing valuable infrastructure and resources for communication, education, telemedicine, and disaster management. This initiative fosters goodwill, strengthens cultural bonds, and showcases India’s technical capabilities, positioning it as a reliable and technologically advanced partner in the region.
    Strategic and Soft Power Implications:

    Strategic Implications: Both the UDAN scheme and the South Asia Satellite project have strategic implications for India. They promote regional connectivity, economic integration, and disaster response capabilities, strengthening India’s position as a regional leader. These initiatives enhance India’s influence, expand its strategic footprint, and contribute to regional stability and cooperation.
    Soft Power Implications: The development assistance provided through UDAN and the South Asia Satellite project enhances India’s soft power in the region. By extending connectivity, infrastructure, and technological resources, India fosters goodwill, trust, and cultural exchanges. These initiatives showcase India’s commitment to regional development, positioning it as a reliable partner and a benevolent contributor to the progress of its neighbors.
    Conclusion:
    India’s development assistance initiatives, such as the UDAN regional connectivity scheme and the South Asia Satellite project, have both strategic and soft power implications. These programs promote regional connectivity, economic integration, and technological advancement, strengthening India’s influence and leadership in the region. They project India as a reliable partner, showcasing its commitment to regional development, and fostering goodwill and cultural exchanges. Through these initiatives, India can enhance its strategic footprint, contribute to regional stability, and further strengthen its soft power in its neighborhood.

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Puja Singh
  • 0
Puja SinghBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In:
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Talk about the changing India-Pakistan relationship, the impact of internal politics in both nations on bilateral relations, the Kashmir conflict, and cross-border terrorism. Examine the chances of genuine communication and peaceful settlement of the dispute between the two neighbors who ...

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Aaditya Sharma
    Aaditya Sharma Begginer

    The India-Pakistan relationship has been complex and tumultuous, marked by periods of tension, conflict, and limited cooperation. The Kashmir dispute, cross-border terrorism, and domestic politics in both countries have contributed to the volatility. Here's an assessment of the evolving relationshipRead more

    The India-Pakistan relationship has been complex and tumultuous, marked by periods of tension, conflict, and limited cooperation. The Kashmir dispute, cross-border terrorism, and domestic politics in both countries have contributed to the volatility. Here’s an assessment of the evolving relationship and prospects for meaningful engagement and conflict resolution:

    **Kashmir Dispute:**

    * The Kashmir dispute is a core issue, with both countries claiming sovereignty over the region.
    * The Line of Control (LoC) has been a de facto border since 1947, but its status remains disputed.
    * Tensions have escalated in recent years, with both sides engaging in armed skirmishes and exchange of gunfire across the LoC.
    * India’s decision to abrogate Article 370 of the Indian Constitution in August 2019 further strained relations.

    **Cross-Border Terrorism:**

    * Pakistan-based terrorist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), and Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) have been responsible for numerous attacks in India.
    * India accuses Pakistan of providing safe haven to these groups and not doing enough to crack down on their activities.
    * Pakistan denies any direct involvement, but admits that its territory is used by some militant groups.

    **Domestic Politics:**

    * Domestic politics in both countries play a significant role in shaping bilateral ties.
    * In India, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has been critical of Pakistan and has taken a hardline stance on Kashmir.
    * In Pakistan, the Imran Khan-led government has been more conciliatory, but its ability to deliver on promises of peace is limited due to internal political dynamics.
    * The Pakistani military remains a powerful actor in national politics and often influences foreign policy decisions.

    **Prospects for Meaningful Engagement and Conflict Resolution:**

    1. **Dialogue:** Despite tensions, dialogue between India and Pakistan remains essential. Both sides have held several rounds of talks, including the Comprehensive Bilateral Dialogue Process (CBDP), which focuses on terrorism, trade, and other issues.
    2. ** Confidence-building measures:** Initiatives like the opening of trade routes, resumption of bus services, and increased people-to-people contact can help build trust.
    3. ** Counter-terrorism cooperation:** Cooperation on counter-terrorism could be a key area of engagement, as both countries face common threats from terrorist groups.
    4. **De-escalation:** Steps to de-escalate tensions along the LoC and reduce violence are crucial for creating a conducive environment for dialogue.

    **Challenges:**

    1. **Trust deficit:** The lack of trust between India and Pakistan is a significant hurdle to meaningful engagement.
    2. **Political instability:** Political instability in both countries can impact the stability of bilateral relations.
    3. **Military dominance:** The military’s influence in Pakistani politics and India’s nuclear capability can limit diplomatic flexibility.

    **Conclusion:**

    The India-Pakistan relationship remains complex and challenging. While there are areas where cooperation is possible, such as counter-terrorism, the Kashmir dispute and domestic politics continue to pose significant obstacles to meaningful engagement. For conflict resolution to occur, both sides must be willing to engage in sincere dialogue, take concrete steps towards de-escalation, and address trust issues. However, given the volatile nature of the relationship, progress will likely be slow and incremental.

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Sonali B
  • 1
Sonali BBegginer
Asked: July 16, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine India’s stance on the political changes in Myanmar and how they affect the country’s Act East Policy.

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Kirti Sharvan
    Kirti Sharvan Begginer

    Myanmar stands at the confluence of India’s Neighbourhood First and Act East Policy and the IndiaMyanmar partnership is at the heart of India’s vision to create a connected and cooperative neighbourhood. The Myanmar junta or Myanmar’s military has toppled the democratically elected government in a CRead more

    Myanmar stands at the confluence of India’s Neighbourhood First and Act East Policy and the IndiaMyanmar partnership is at the heart of India’s vision to create a connected and cooperative neighbourhood. The Myanmar junta or Myanmar’s military has toppled the democratically elected government in a Coup D’etat. This has smashed decade-long hopes for a truly democratic Myanmar. As the future of Myanmar’s democracy is now uncertain and given its strategic importance, this Coup D’etat will have geopolitical implications for the region and India.

    India’s Position

    1. India expressed its concerns that the democratic gains made by Myanmar over the previous decades should not be undermined.
    2. India reiterated its “support to the process of democratic transition” and assured that India’s developmental and humanitarian efforts in Myanmar aimed at the socio-economic development of the country will continue.
    3. As a humanitarian gesture, the Mizoram government has issued a standard operating procedure (SOP) to Deputy Commissioners of border districts to facilitate the entry of refugees and migrants.
    4. The government said those facing a threat to their lives should be treated as refugees, given medical care, relief and rehabilitation, and security.

    Implications Of Coup On India’s Act East Policy

    1. Myanmar is the lynchpin of India’s Act East Policy— it was from Naypyidaw that Prime Minister Narendra Modi had launched the policy in 2014.
    2. The Tatmadaw’s coup d’etat on February 01, 2021, and the establishment of a new State Administrative Council (SAC), leading to a countrywide Civil Disobedience Movement, poses a serious policy challenge to New Delhi.
    3. Political Realignments: The coup has attracted strong reactions and the threat of sanctions from the United States and the West. These decisive western sanctions may force Myanmar’s military to get closer to China, which may not be in the interest of India.
    4. Rohingya Issue on Back Burner: Any effort to restore democracy in Myanmar will require supporting Aung San Suu Kyi. However, due to her silence on the Rohingya crisis, the plight of the helpless Rohingya may take a backseat or be conveniently forgotten.
    5. Border & Regional Security: The political instability in the post-coup period is expected to divert the attention of the Myanmar Army from its periphery and its borders. This may create tensions at border areas in India (refugees, insurgents, illegal movements)
    6. Delayed Connectivity Projects: Two of India’s critical connectivity projects nearing completion—the Kaladan Multimodal Transit Transport Project and the Trilateral Highway Project—could suffer delays as a consequence.
    7. The political instability slows down these connectivity projects further delaying the subregional integration. This would also delay plans to extend the Trilateral Highway to Vietnam.

    Way Forward

    1. As a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) this year, India can play an important role along with partner countries like Vietnam in building international opinion.
    2. Reducing the Gap Among Different Communities: In the current scenario, the military will continue to exploit ethnic and religious fault lines. Engagement with domestic stakeholders, including ethnic minorities, especially from the north, should be pursued by the international community.
    3. Threatening with the Imposition of Sanctions is not a Solution: The Myanmar military has always been able to economically withstand sanctions by striking deals with Asian countries in the past, therefore imposing sanctions is unlikely to bring any major political change.
    4. For India, engagement with Myanmar is vital. Though India has expressed deep concern over recent developments in Myanmar, cutting off from the Myanmar military is not a viable option as India has significant economic and strategic interests in Myanmar and its neighbourhood.
    5. India should continue to engage with the present regime in Myanmar working towards mutual development of people of both countries while it should support sharing experiences in constitutionalism and federalism to assist Myanmar in resolving the prevailing stalemate.

     

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Adivk Rawat
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Adivk RawatBegginer
Asked: July 13, 2024In:
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India’s perception as a hegemon and the rise of nationalistic fervor in Nepal suggest that the relationship between the two countries has to be fundamentally reset. Examine.

upsc: india & neighbourhood
  1. Ranjan Gaikwad
    Ranjan Gaikwad Begginer

    India and Nepal share historical, cultural, and religious ties dating back to the era of Gautam Buddha. These ties continued in the modern era too, reinforced by the 1950 Indo-Nepal friendship treaty, economic and strategic compulsions, and people to people relations, commonly called Roti-Beti relatRead more

    India and Nepal share historical, cultural, and religious ties dating back to the era of Gautam Buddha. These ties continued in the modern era too, reinforced by the 1950 Indo-Nepal friendship treaty, economic and strategic compulsions, and people to people relations, commonly called Roti-Beti relations. However, from the past couple of years, Indo-Nepal relations are under severe strain with the Kalapani territorial dispute being the recent one in a long list of grievances Nepal has against India.

    Reasons For Raising Nationalistic Fervor In Nepal

    1. The rise of a new generation of Nepali youth and political elite who does not share the same emotional bond with India.
    2. Nepal was the only officially Hindu state resulting from the Hindu empires from the 18th century to 2006 and was never colonized. But the promulgation of the new secular constitution in 2006 and the abolition of monarchy in 2008, led to resentment contributing to the rise of aggressive Hindu nationalism.
    3. A substantial number of Nepali society believes that India is excessively interfering in Nepal’s internal affairs. The argument is that as long as India continues to meddle in Nepal, there will be nationalism which could lead to ultranationalism, and eventually even militancy.
    4. There are internal differences in Nepal between the prosperous hilly regions and the less developed southern region. To reduce this difference Nepal is institutionalizing federalism.
    5. However, a section of Nepal political parties who stand to lose their hold on power due to this development are using the anti-Indian sentiment to stir nationalistic fervour to foil the attempts of decentralization.
    6. Nepal politics also have a very crucial role to play in this phenomenon. The current Prime Ministers’ domestic position was weakening for some time and the inept handling of the COVID crisis added fuel to fire. Under pressure, he utilized anti-Indian sentiment and nationalism to stir up the Kalapani issue.

    Why India Is Perceived As Hegemon By Nepal

    The rise of Anti-Indian sentiments and nationalism in India was mainly because Nepal is considering India as a hegemon and irked by its big brother attitude. Recent incidents between these two countries have contributed a lot to this sentiment.

    1. Both Nepali Congress — often considered pro-India — and the Communists have decried the alleged “big brother” attitude of India.
    2. Since the 1950s, India has treated Nepal as an extension of its own geographic reality, so much as those allegations of New Delhi’s intervention in Kathmandu’s domestic affairs have been raised at regular intervals.
    3. India’s prompt response in the aftermath of the devastating Nepal earthquake was appreciated. However, the way Indian media presented the whole rescue effort as some kind of a favour bolstered the local antipathy towards Nepal.
    4. The Pro India group enforced a blockade on the India-Nepal border, unhappy over the new constitution which it believed did not do justice to the people of the Terai plains. Nepal alleged this to be planned by India to create internal unrest.
    5. Though Nepal is dependent on India for much of its trade and other infrastructure projects, as a sovereign nation, it is also free to chart its own foreign policy course. However, India’s staunch opposition to Nepal-China relations also is a cause of upset for Nepal.

    Fundamental Reset In Relations

    Apart from the rise of nationalism and India’s perceived hegemony, there are also other reasons for the downturn of relations between these two countries. India is unhappy about closer ties between China-Nepal. Nepal’s developing economy needs huge investments which China is providing, whereas there are extraordinary delays in the completion of infrastructure projects by India, the territorial disputes between the two countries all caused a downturn in the relationship which at this point in time needs a fundamental reset.

    1. Though India has always claimed that two countries claim a special relationship, Nepal for a very long time has been alleging that the terms of the relationship are mostly one-sided.
    2. In light of rising nationalism and anti-Indian sentiment, India needs to renegotiate the 1950 peace treaty incorporating changed circumstances.
    3. Instead of bowing down to political opportunism and rhetoric, both counties should make diplomatic efforts to resolve the territorial disputes.
    4. India should stop looking at Nepal purely from a security prism and be a part of the zerosum game with China and realize the changed ground realities.
    5. Any drastic reset in relations will affect Nepal enormously in the form of ending visa-free travel, disbanding the Gorkha regiment, difficulties for students coming to study in India, etc.
    6. Nepal should also understand these realities and address India’s concerns with regard to China. Nepal ensures that any of its developmental activities with China does not jeopardize India’s strategic interests.

    India in accordance with its neighbour’s first policy must have deeper and meaningful engagement with its smaller neighbours, to understand their fears and concerns, and try to address them in a responsible way.

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