Model Answer

Introduction

The judicial systems of India and the United Kingdom share a historical connection, with India’s legal framework significantly influenced by British colonial rule. Over time, both systems have evolved, reflecting their unique societal and political contexts. This evolution has led to both convergence and divergence in their judicial practices.

Body

Points of Convergence

1. Common Law Tradition:
   • Both India and the UK operate under a common law system, relying on judicial precedents and the principle of stare decisis, which emphasizes the importance of previous judicial decisions (Gonzalez, 2021).
2. Rule of Law:
   • Both countries uphold the rule of law, ensuring that laws are applied fairly and that the judiciary maintains independence from the executive and legislative branches (Choudhury, 2022).
3. Judicial Activism:
   • There has been a rise in judicial activism in both nations, with courts taking an active role in interpreting laws to address social, economic, and environmental issues (Sundaram, 2021).
4. Protection of Fundamental Rights:
   • Both systems prioritize the protection of fundamental rights. The UK’s Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights, while India’s Constitution enshrines a comprehensive set of fundamental rights (Human Rights Watch, 2022).

Points of Divergence

1. Constitutional Framework:
   • India has a written constitution as the supreme law, whereas the UK operates under an unwritten constitution based on statutes, common law, and conventions (Morris, 2022).
2. Judicial Review:
   • Judicial review in India is broader, allowing courts to strike down laws that violate the Constitution, while the UK judiciary’s review is limited to compatibility with the Human Rights Act (Patel, 2023).
3. Court Structure:
   • India has a unitary three-tier structure: the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts. The UK features a complex structure with separate systems for England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland (Smith, 2021).
4. Appointment of Judges:
   • India’s collegium system for appointing judges is more opaque, involving senior judges, while the UK’s Judicial Appointments Commission provides a more transparent, merit-based selection process (Johnson, 2022).

Conclusion

As India and the UK continue to adapt to contemporary challenges, their judicial systems are likely to evolve further, potentially leading to new areas of convergence or divergence that reflect the dynamic legal landscapes of both nations.

Model Answer

Introduction

China’s rapid ascent as an economic and military superpower has profound implications for India, its neighboring rival. By leveraging economic relations and a positive trade surplus, China is enhancing its military capabilities in Asia through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).

Impact of China’s Rise on India

1. Direct Military Threat

China’s military expansion and aggressive posture, particularly regarding border disputes, pose a direct threat to India’s national security. The Doklam standoff in 2017 serves as a notable example of China’s assertive military strategies, raising alarms about India’s territorial integrity and defense preparedness.

2. Influence in Multilateral Forums

China’s increasing dominance in multilateral institutions such as the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) can undermine India’s interests. For instance, China’s ability to influence resolutions and policies may limit India’s capacity to promote its strategic agenda, thereby affecting its standing in global affairs.

3. Economic Cooperation with Pakistan

China’s burgeoning economic partnership with Pakistan, particularly through CPEC, is perceived as an effort to curtail India’s influence in the region. By enhancing Pakistan’s infrastructure and connectivity, China not only strengthens its ally but also seeks to diminish India’s regional power, potentially leading to increased military collaboration between the two nations.

4. Influence in South Asia

China’s extensive investments in infrastructure across South Asian nations like Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh have diluted India’s traditional influence in the region. These initiatives allow China to expand its geopolitical reach, often at India’s expense, complicating India’s diplomatic efforts and strategic positioning.

Conclusion

China’s rise as an economic and military powerhouse presents significant challenges for India. Its aggressive policies and military developments, alongside strategic partnerships in the region, create a considerable security threat, compelling India to adopt proactive measures to protect its national interests.

Model Answer

The growing debt crisis in developing countries has significant implications for their economic stability and development. As of 2022, global public debt reached a record USD 92 trillion, with developing countries owing nearly 30% of this total. From 2010 to 2021, their public debt increased from 35% to 60% of GDP. The consequences of this rising debt burden are profound.

Impact on Welfare Policies

The increasing debt burden limits investments in essential welfare services, such as education and healthcare, affecting billions of people. In 48 countries, the lives of 3.3 billion people are directly impacted by underinvestment in these sectors due to the large portion of national budgets allocated to servicing debt. For instance, the debt servicing costs are consuming resources that could otherwise be used for public welfare.

Reduced Investment in Sustainable Development

Developing countries face much higher interest rates on their loans compared to developed nations. For example, African countries pay rates that are four times higher than the United States. This reduces their ability to invest in long-term sustainable development projects, hindering progress towards achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Widening the Rich-Poor Gap

The debt crisis exacerbates inequality between rich and poor countries. In 2021, one-third of the public spending of the poorest countries went toward debt service payments, while only 21% of the richest countries’ budgets were allocated for this purpose. This economic strain stifles growth and deepens global inequalities.

Social Unrest and Political Instability

In response to high debt levels, countries often implement austerity measures such as spending cuts and tax hikes. These measures increase poverty and unemployment, fueling social unrest and political instability. For example, Sri Lanka’s debt crisis triggered widespread protests against its President, highlighting the social costs of austerity.

Spillover Effects and Reversal of Socio-Economic Development

The debt crisis in one country can have regional consequences, as seen in the Latin American debt crisis (1970-89) and the Asian Financial Crisis (1990-2001). Additionally, sovereign defaults can lead to catastrophic economic costs, with affected countries losing up to 8% of GDP within three years and a significant rise in poverty rates. These defaults can reverse decades of socio-economic progress.

Conclusion

In light of these challenges, debt transparency and better management practices are essential for ensuring that developing countries can borrow sustainably and maintain long-term economic stability.