Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction Briefly introduce the context of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) initiated in 1991. State the thesis: Evaluate whether the Indian governmental system has adequately responded to the demands of LPG. Body Economic Growth and Reforms Discuss the impact of LPG on ...
Model Answer Introduction The protection and prevention of environmental degradation have become critical issues, especially as awareness grows regarding the adverse effects of human activities on the environment. However, conflicting policies among various sectors and stakeholders have significantlRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The protection and prevention of environmental degradation have become critical issues, especially as awareness grows regarding the adverse effects of human activities on the environment. However, conflicting policies among various sectors and stakeholders have significantly hampered efforts to safeguard the environment.
Policy Contradictions Fueling Environmental Degradation
1. Economic Development vs. Environmental Conservation
In many developing countries, the urgency of economic development often takes precedence over environmental conservation. For instance, the rapid industrialization in countries like India has led to extensive deforestation and pollution. The push for economic growth has resulted in the exploitation of natural resources, severely impacting biodiversity and air quality.
2. Disparities in Environmental Protection Policies
There are significant disparities in how environmental regulations are applied across different industries. Large corporations often exert considerable influence over policymakers, allowing them to evade stringent environmental regulations. For example, the textile industry in India has faced minimal scrutiny despite being a major polluter, while smaller enterprises are burdened with strict compliance costs.
3. Conflicting Interests Among Stakeholders
The interests of various stakeholders often clash, leading to policy contradictions. The mining sector frequently advocates for resource extraction, while environmentalists oppose such activities due to their detrimental effects. This conflict can result in compromised environmental protection efforts, as seen in the Goa mining controversy, where mining activities faced backlash due to environmental concerns.
4. Lack of Coordination Between Sectors
A lack of coherence between government ministries can lead to ineffective environmental policies. For example, the Ministry of Environment and Forests may promote conservation policies that contradict the industrial expansion policies of the Ministry of Industry, resulting in inadequate protections for natural resources.
Conclusion
Policy contradictions among competing sectors and stakeholders have significantly undermined efforts to protect the environment. A concerted effort among policymakers, industries, and civil society is essential to address these contradictions and prioritize environmental protection effectively.
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Model Answer Introduction Since the economic reforms of 1991, which introduced Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) in India, the government has made significant strides in adapting to these changes. However, the adequacy of this response remains debatable, as challenges persist inRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Since the economic reforms of 1991, which introduced Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) in India, the government has made significant strides in adapting to these changes. However, the adequacy of this response remains debatable, as challenges persist in fully harnessing the benefits of these reforms.
Body
Economic Growth and Reforms
The liberalization policies have led to impressive economic growth, with India’s GDP increasing from approximately $266 billion in 1991 to over $3 trillion by 2021 (Source: World Bank). The introduction of measures such as the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017 further streamlined tax structures, enhancing ease of doing business (Source: Ministry of Finance).
Privatization Efforts
The government has privatized several state-owned enterprises, improving efficiency and competitiveness. For instance, the privatization of Air India is an ongoing effort to enhance operational performance (Source: The Hindu). However, the pace of privatization has been slow, and many state-owned enterprises still dominate key sectors.
Globalization Impact
India has successfully integrated into the global economy, becoming one of the largest recipients of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which reached $81 billion in 2020-21 (Source: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade). However, challenges such as protectionism and fluctuating global markets have posed risks.
Recommendations for Improved Responsiveness
To better respond to the demands of LPG, the government should:
Conclusion
While the Indian governmental system has made notable progress in adapting to the demands of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization since 1991, further efforts are essential to maximize the benefits of these reforms. By implementing the recommended strategies, the government can enhance its responsiveness to the evolving global landscape.
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