The Indian Councils Act of 1861 was a significant milestone in India’s constitutional history, aiming to increase Indian representation and improve legislative processes. This act transformed India’s executive council into a cabinet functioning under the portfolio system, comprising six “ordinary members” overseeing various departments .

Key Provisions and Impacts – 

• The act restored legislative powers to the Bombay and Madras Presidencies taken away by the Charter Act of 1833 marking a significant step towards decentralization .
• The act introduced a new legislative council with 6-12 additional members nominated by the Governor General with at least 50% being non-officials, including Indians .
• The legislative council at Calcutta gained extensive authority to pass laws for British India while councils at Bombay and Madras could make laws for their respective presidencies .
• Despite these reforms the act had limitations including the Viceroy’s power to overrule the council and issue ordinances without council approval .

The Indian Councils Act of 1861 was a crucial step towards increasing Indian representation and improving legislative processes. It laid the foundation for the Indian Legislature and marked the beginning of Indian representation in Legislative Councils . Although the act had its limitations, it paved the way for future reforms and ultimately contributed to India’s journey towards independence.