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Growth of Militant Nationalism & Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)

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Home/Freedom Movement/Growth of Militant Nationalism & Revolutionary Activities (1905-1918)/Page 2

Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Nyla Agarwal
  • 1
Nyla AgarwalBegginer
Asked: August 7, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the elements that contributed to the radicalization of the nationalist movement and the formation of militant and revolutionary factions.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    Factors Leading to the Radicalization of the Nationalist Movement The nationalist movement in India underwent a significant transformation in the early 20th century, marked by the emergence of militant and revolutionary strands. This radicalization was influenced by several factors, including: BritiRead more

    Factors Leading to the Radicalization of the Nationalist Movement

    The nationalist movement in India underwent a significant transformation in the early 20th century, marked by the emergence of militant and revolutionary strands. This radicalization was influenced by several factors, including:

    British Colonial Policies and Repression

    • Raj Dharma: The British colonial government’s emphasis on maintaining law and order (Raj Dharma) led to increased repression and brutality against Indians, fueling resentment and anger.
    • Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act (1919) suspended civil liberties, allowing for mass arrests and detention without trial. This led to widespread protests and disillusionment with the British system.
    • Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919) in which British forces killed hundreds of unarmed civilians, further eroded trust and led to increased militancy.

    Economic Discontent and Inequality

    • Economic Inequality: The British colonial economy was based on exploitation, with Indian resources being extracted for British benefit. This led to widespread poverty, inequality, and economic discontent.
    • Industrialization: The introduction of industrialization in India led to the displacement of traditional artisans and workers, creating social unrest and economic discontent.

    Ideological Influences and Propaganda

    • Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement: Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) emphasized the importance of non-violent resistance and civil disobedience. This inspired a new wave of activism and radicalization.
    • Communist Influence: The spread of communism in India, particularly among the working class and peasants, influenced the nationalist movement’s shift towards more radical and revolutionary ideologies.
    • Nationalist Propaganda: Newspapers like Kesari (Tilak’s newspaper) and The Arya (Aurobindo’s magazine) played a crucial role in spreading nationalist propaganda and mobilizing public support for the movement.

    Leadership and Organization

    • Radical Leaders: Leaders like Tilak, Aurobindo, and Bhagat Singh were influential in shaping the militant and revolutionary strands of the nationalist movement.
    • Organizational Structure: The establishment of organizations like the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) provided a framework for coordination and planning among militant nationalists.

    Recent Examples:

    • Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement, which emerged in the 1960s, is a contemporary example of radicalized nationalism. The movement seeks to overthrow the Indian state and establish a socialist society.
    • Maoist Influence: The influence of Maoist ideology can be seen in the Naxalite movement’s emphasis on armed struggle and rural rebellion.
    • Cyber Activism: The rise of social media has enabled new forms of activism, including online campaigns and digital protests. This has allowed radicalized nationalist groups to reach wider audiences and mobilize support.
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Jayant Gaikwad
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Jayant GaikwadBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
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Evaluate the relevance of provinces achieving self-government and the ensuing influence on nationalist ambitions.

upsc: growth nationalism india (1858-1905)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    The Significance of Attaining Self-Government in the Provinces The attainment of self-government in the provinces was a crucial step in the Indian nationalist movement. It marked a significant shift towards decentralization and autonomy, which had a profound impact on the nationalist aspirations ofRead more

    The Significance of Attaining Self-Government in the Provinces

    The attainment of self-government in the provinces was a crucial step in the Indian nationalist movement. It marked a significant shift towards decentralization and autonomy, which had a profound impact on the nationalist aspirations of the Indian people.

    Key Points:

    • Decentralization and Autonomy: The attainment of self-government in the provinces allowed for greater decentralization and autonomy, enabling the provinces to govern themselves to a certain extent.
    • Increased Representation: The Indian Councils Act of 1909 and the Government of India Act of 1915 introduced more representation in the provincial governments, giving Indians a greater say in the administration of their own affairs.
    • Growing Nationalist Sentiment: The increased participation of Indians in provincial governance led to a growing sense of nationalism and pride among the people.
    • Economic Development: The provincial governments were able to implement policies that benefited their local economies, such as the development of agriculture, industry, and infrastructure.

    Consequent Impact on Nationalist Aspirations:

    • Boost to Nationalist Movement: The attainment of self-government in the provinces gave a significant boost to the nationalist movement, as it demonstrated that Indians were capable of governing themselves.
    • Growing Confidence: The increased participation of Indians in provincial governance led to growing confidence among the people, which further strengthened the nationalist movement.
    • Nationalist Leadership: The provincial governments provided a platform for nationalist leaders to emerge and demonstrate their skills and abilities.

    Recent Examples:

    • Tamil Nadu’s Tamil Nadu Electricity Regulatory Commission (TNERC): Established in 1998, TNERC is an independent regulatory body that has been instrumental in promoting transparency and accountability in the power sector.
    • Kerala’s Left Democratic Front (LDF): Elected in 2016, the LDF government has been committed to implementing progressive policies, such as universal healthcare and free education.
    • Uttar Pradesh’s Samajwadi Party (SP) Government: Elected in 2012, the SP government implemented several populist measures, including the distribution of free laptops and smartphones.
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Jayant Gaikwad
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Jayant GaikwadBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
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In the violent struggle against colonial rule, talk about the role played by revolutionary groups like the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer
    This answer was edited.

    Role of Revolutionary Organizations in Armed Struggle The Indian freedom movement witnessed the rise of several revolutionary organizations that played a crucial role in the armed struggle against colonial rule. Two prominent examples are the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican ARead more

    Role of Revolutionary Organizations in Armed Struggle

    The Indian freedom movement witnessed the rise of several revolutionary organizations that played a crucial role in the armed struggle against colonial rule.

    Two prominent examples are the Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

    Anushilan Samiti:

    Established in 1906 by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, the Anushilan Samiti was a revolutionary organization that aimed to overthrow British colonial rule through armed struggle. The organization was responsible for several notable acts of terrorism, including the assassination of Sir Andrew Fraser, a British governor, and the murder of British officials and planters. The Samiti’s ideology was influenced by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and the writings of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.

    Key Points:

    • Radical Ideology: The Anushilan Samiti was characterized by its radical ideology, which emphasized the use of violence and terrorism to achieve independence.
    • Notable Members: The organization had several notable members, including Bhupendra Nath Datta, who was a key figure in the movement.
    • Armed Activities: The Samiti was involved in several armed activities, including assassinations and bombings.

    Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA):

    Founded in 1928 by Chandrasekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, the HSRA was a revolutionary organization that aimed to overthrow British colonial rule through armed struggle. The organization was responsible for several notable acts of terrorism, including the assassination of British officials and the bombing of government buildings.

    Key Points:

    • Radical Ideology: The HSRA was characterized by its radical ideology, which emphasized the need for revolution and violence to achieve independence.
    • Notable Members: The organization had several notable members, including Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev, who were executed for their involvement in revolutionary activities.
    • Armed Activities: The HSRA was involved in several armed activities, including assassinations and bombings.

    Recent Examples:

    In recent years, there have been several instances of militant activism in India, often linked to separatist movements or demands for greater autonomy. For example:

    • Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement, which originated in the 1960s, has continued to evolve over the years, with groups like the Communist Party of India (Maoist) engaging in armed struggle against the government.
    • Kashmir Insurgency: The Kashmir insurgency has seen several instances of militant activity, including attacks on security forces and civilians.

    Key Points:

    • Continuing Legacy: The legacy of revolutionary organizations like the Anushilan Samiti and HSRA continues to influence militant activism in India.
    • Complex Issues: The causes of militant activism are often complex and multifaceted, involving issues like poverty, inequality, and political marginalization.
    • Government Response: The government’s response to militant activism has often been characterized by a mix of military action and attempts at dialogue and reconciliation.
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Jayant Gaikwad
  • 1
Jayant GaikwadBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine how the Home Rule Movement and the Morley-Minto Reforms influenced the political environment and the nationalist reaction.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    Significance of the Morley-Minto Reforms: The Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced in 1909, aimed to address the growing nationalist movement in India by making some concessions to the Indian people. The reforms were significant because they: Introduced the concept of separate electorates: The reforms iRead more

    Significance of the Morley-Minto Reforms:

    The Morley-Minto Reforms, introduced in 1909, aimed to address the growing nationalist movement in India by making some concessions to the Indian people. The reforms were significant because they:

    • Introduced the concept of separate electorates: The reforms introduced separate electorates for Muslims, which led to the creation of a Muslim minority community that was distinct from the rest of Indian society.
    • Expanded the franchise: The reforms expanded the franchise, allowing more Indians to participate in the electoral process.
    • Created a new system of provincial government: The reforms created a new system of provincial government, giving more autonomy to Indian provinces.

    Impact on Nationalist Movement:

    The Morley-Minto Reforms had a significant impact on the nationalist movement:

    • Increased nationalist sentiment: The reforms increased nationalist sentiment, as Indians felt that they were not being treated as equals by the British government.
    • Growing discontent among moderates: The reforms created growing discontent among moderates, who felt that the British government was not making sufficient concessions to India.
    • Rise of extremism: The reforms led to the rise of extremism, as some Indians began to question the morality of non-cooperation and turned to more radical methods.

    The Home Rule Movement:

    The Home Rule Movement, led by Tilak and Annie Besant, emerged in response to the Morley-Minto Reforms. The movement aimed to:

    • Demand complete self-government: The movement demanded complete self-government for India, rather than just limited autonomy.
    • Conduct mass mobilization: The movement conducted mass mobilization, using various forms of protest and demonstration to put pressure on the British government.

    Key Points:

    • The Morley-Minto Reforms marked a significant turning point in Indian history: The reforms introduced new concepts and systems that had far-reaching implications for Indian politics and society.
    • The Home Rule Movement was a response to the Morley-Minto Reforms: The movement emerged as a result of the growing discontent among Indians with the British government’s treatment of India.
    • The Home Rule Movement marked a shift towards more radical methods: The movement marked a shift towards more radical methods, as some Indians began to question the morality of non-cooperation and turned to more extreme methods.
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Jatin Khanna
  • 1
Jatin KhannaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Talk about the tactics that the revolutionaries used, such as armed uprisings, bomb attacks, and political assassinations.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Shekhar jaat
    Shekhar jaat Begginer

    The Indian independence movement, which spanned from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century, was marked by diverse strategies employed by revolutionaries to achieve their goal of freedom from British colonial rule. Key among these strategies were bomb attacks, political assassinations, and aRead more

    The Indian independence movement, which spanned from the early 19th century to the mid-20th century, was marked by diverse strategies employed by revolutionaries to achieve their goal of freedom from British colonial rule. Key among these strategies were bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings.

    Bomb Attacks:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian revolutionary movement, inspired by the Russian Revolution, saw the use of bomb attacks as a means to target British colonial authorities. Notable examples include the Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930) and the Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929).
    • Recent Examples:
      • Bhima Koregaon Violence (2017): A group of Dalit activists, including intellectuals and artists, were attacked in Bhima Koregaon, Maharashtra, leading to allegations of violence and conspiracy.
      • Gauri Lankesh Assassination (2017): Gauri Lankesh, a journalist and activist, was assassinated in Bengaluru, Karnataka, allegedly by a group of Hindu extremists.

    Political Assassinations:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian National Army (INA) and other extremist groups targeted British officials and collaborators in India. Notable examples include the Assassination of Sir Charles Cleveland (1915) and the Assassination of Lord Hardinge (1912).
    • Recent Examples:
      • M.M. Kalburgi Assassination (2015): M.M. Kalburgi, a historian and critic of Hindutva ideology, was assassinated in Dharwad, Karnataka.
      • Gyanendra Pandey Assassination Attempt (2019): Gyanendra Pandey, a historian and critic of Hindutva ideology, was attacked in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.

    Armed Uprisings:

    • Early 20th century: The Indian National Army (INA) and other extremist groups launched armed uprisings against British colonial rule. Notable examples include the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the Chittagong Uprising (1930).
    • Recent Examples:
      • Naxalite Insurgency: The Naxalite movement, a communist-inspired insurgency, has been active in various parts of India since the 1960s.
      • Kashmir Insurgency: The Kashmir insurgency has been ongoing since the 1990s, with various militant groups fighting against Indian rule.

    Key Points:

    • Diverse Strategies: Revolutionaries employed diverse strategies to achieve their goal of independence, including bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings.
    • Contextual Significance: Each strategy was used in response to specific historical contexts and events.
    • Recent Examples: The use of bomb attacks, political assassinations, and armed uprisings continues to be a feature of contemporary Indian politics.
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Jatin Khanna
  • 1
Jatin KhannaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Consider how the First World War affected the militant nationalist movement by posing new obstacles and opportunities.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Pritma Sharma
    Pritma Sharma Begginer

    Here is the answer to the question for UPSC Mains aspirants, with the key points and headings bolded: Role of the First World War in Providing New Opportunities for the Militant Nationalist Movement: Weakening of the British Empire: The First World War significantly weakened the British Empire, bothRead more

    Here is the answer to the question for UPSC Mains aspirants, with the key points and headings bolded:

    Role of the First World War in Providing New Opportunities for the Militant Nationalist Movement:

    1. Weakening of the British Empire: The First World War significantly weakened the British Empire, both financially and militarily. This provided an opportunity for the militant nationalist movement to capitalize on Britain’s vulnerability and intensify their struggle for independence.
      Recent example: The ongoing protests against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in India, which have been fueled by the government’s perceived weakening of democratic institutions and the rule of law.
    2. Increased Mobilization of the Indian Masses: The First World War led to an increased mobilization of the Indian masses, as the British government sought to recruit more soldiers and raise resources for the war effort. This provided the militant nationalist movement with a larger pool of potential supporters and recruits.
      Recent example: The farmers’ protests in India, which have seen the participation of a large number of farmers and rural communities, reflecting the increased mobilization of the Indian masses.
    3. Radicalization of the Nationalist Sentiment: The First World War also led to the radicalization of the nationalist sentiment, as the promises of self-governance and greater autonomy made by the British government during the war were not fulfilled in the aftermath. This fueled the growth of the militant nationalist movement.
      Recent example: The rise of Hindu nationalist movements in India, which have adopted a more radical and confrontational approach to the nationalist struggle, as seen in the ongoing debates over the CAA and the NRC.

    Challenges Faced by the Militant Nationalist Movement:

    1. Increased Repression by the British Authorities: The First World War also led to increased repression by the British authorities, who sought to quell any form of dissent or challenge to their rule. This presented a significant challenge to the militant nationalist movement.
      Recent example: The government’s use of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and other laws to crackdown on civil society organizations and activists, which has been criticized by human rights organizations as a violation of democratic principles.
    2. Divisions within the Nationalist Movement: The First World War also led to the emergence of divisions within the nationalist movement, as some factions were willing to collaborate with the British government in exchange for concessions, while others remained committed to the goal of complete independence.
      Recent example: The ongoing tensions between the different factions of the Indian National Congress, as well as the emergence of regional and ideological political parties, which have posed challenges to the unity of the nationalist movement.
    3. International Geopolitical Factors: The First World War also introduced new international geopolitical factors that influenced the dynamics of the nationalist movement, as the British government sought to leverage its alliances and relationships with other powers to maintain its control over India.
      Recent example: The ongoing geopolitical tensions between India and China, which have had implications for the country’s domestic political landscape and the nationalist movement.

    Overall, the First World War provided both new opportunities and challenges for the militant nationalist movement in India, leading to a complex and evolving landscape that continues to shape the country’s political and social dynamics

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Jatin Khanna
  • 1
Jatin KhannaBegginer
Asked: August 6, 2024In:
  • 1

Examine the connection between Gandhi’s and the Congress’s larger nonviolent civil disobedience operations and the violent nationalist movement.

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Pritma Sharma
    Pritma Sharma Begginer

    The connection between Gandhi's and the Indian National Congress's larger nonviolent civil disobedience operations and the violent nationalist movement in India is a complex and nuanced one. Here are some key points to consider: Shared goal of independence: Both the nonviolent civil disobedience movRead more

    The connection between Gandhi’s and the Indian National Congress’s larger nonviolent civil disobedience operations and the violent nationalist movement in India is a complex and nuanced one. Here are some key points to consider:

    1. Shared goal of independence: Both the nonviolent civil disobedience movement led by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress, as well as the violent nationalist movement, shared the common goal of achieving independence from British colonial rule. This overarching objective was a unifying force, despite the divergent approaches.
    2. Complementary roles: While Gandhi and the Congress espoused nonviolent civil disobedience as the primary tactic, the violent nationalist movement played a complementary role in putting additional pressure on the British and keeping the independence struggle at the forefront of public consciousness.
    3. Radicalization of the movement: The failure of repeated nonviolent campaigns to achieve immediate results, combined with the British government’s harsh crackdown on civil disobedience, contributed to the radicalization of some segments of the nationalist movement. This led to the rise of more militant, violent groups and individuals.
    4. Differing philosophies and strategies: Gandhi and the Congress believed in non-violence as a moral and strategic imperative, whereas the violent nationalist movement saw armed struggle as a necessary means to achieve independence. This ideological divide created tensions within the broader independence movement.
    5. Relationship dynamics: While the nonviolent and violent strands of the nationalist movement were distinct, there were instances of cooperation and overlap. Some individuals and groups transitioned between the two approaches, depending on the political circumstances and perceived efficacy of each approach.
    6. British response: The British authorities often conflated the nonviolent and violent elements of the independence movement, using the threat of militant nationalism to justify the harsh suppression of even the peaceful civil disobedience campaigns.

    It is important to note that the relationship between the nonviolent and violent nationalist movements was not one of simple opposition or antagonism. Instead, it was a complex, dynamic, and evolving relationship, where the two strands of the independence struggle coexisted, sometimes in tension, and at other times, in a more symbiotic manner.

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Sampreeth. G.R
  • 0
Sampreeth. G.RBegginer
Asked: August 3, 2024In: ,
  • 0

discuss the factors that lead to the Growth of Militant Nationalism in India.

indian history
  1. Rushikesh Shinde
    Rushikesh Shinde Begginer

    The growth of militant nationalism in India was fueled by British colonial policies that exploited and repressed the population, socio-political conditions marked by economic distress and perceived inadequacies of moderate reform efforts, and the influence of revolutionary ideas from global movementRead more

    The growth of militant nationalism in India was fueled by British colonial policies that exploited and repressed the population, socio-political conditions marked by economic distress and perceived inadequacies of moderate reform efforts, and the influence of revolutionary ideas from global movements. Economic exploitation, such as high taxation and deindustrialization, alongside political repression like the Rowlatt Act, created widespread discontent. This was compounded by the failure of moderate leaders to bring about significant change, leading to the rise of radical groups influenced by global revolutionary successes. Cultural and religious revivalism, the economic strain of World War I, and incidents like the Jallianwala Bagh massacre further intensified nationalist fervor, leading to the rise of militant organizations advocating for direct action and armed struggle against colonial rule.

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Manju Basain
  • 0
Manju BasainBegginer
Asked: July 25, 2024In:
  • 0

It is thought that radical activity and the Home Rule Movement paved the way for Gandhiji to lead the liberation movement in a new era. Remark

upsc: growth of militant nationalism & revolutionary activities (1905-1918)
  1. Anita Dhruw
    Anita Dhruw Legend

    Extremists and the Home Rule Movement play a part in the development of Gandhian leadership. India's struggle for independence has owes much to the Extremist movement as well as the Home Rule Movement. This has provided Mahatma Gandhi the stage to step forward as the front-runner of the campaign. BoRead more

    Extremists and the Home Rule Movement play a part in the development of Gandhian leadership.

    India’s struggle for independence has owes much to the Extremist movement as well as the Home Rule Movement. This has provided Mahatma Gandhi the stage to step forward as the front-runner of the campaign. Both these movements have given a nationalism, a large participation, and ambitions of self-rule, which subsequently fit with Gandhian principles of nonviolent resistance.

    Contribution of Extremists:
    From moderation to aggressive nationalism:
    These leaders, called Lal-Bal-Pal, namely Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, turned down petitions and prayers in favor of “Swaraj” or regional autonomy by means of organization and direct action.
    The catchphrase, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I will have it," introduced a fresh type of revolutionaries to society.

    Nationalism was related to India’s cultural and religious identities; Extremists used events like Ganapati Utsav and Shivaji Jayanti as venues for disseminating patriotic passion.

    Readied masses for the approaching battles.
    Gandhi’s work started with the partition of Bengal (1905), which sparked the boycott and Swadeshi movements that eventually hardened into economic resistance movements.

    Effects of the Home Rule Movement (1916-1918)
    1. Desire for self-government:
    Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant started it. They clamored for “Swaraj” in the British context and also started to promote self-governance.

    2. Political awareness expanding everywhere across the nation:
    The movement formed Home Rule Leagues all across India, therefore involving ordinary people in political conversations.

    3. Effect on Gandhiji’s processes:
    Gandhi’s strategy for mass mobilization in the Non-Cooperation Movement rested largely on the emphasis on mass participation, organization of local bodies, and use of public forums.

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Avni Pal
  • 0
Avni PalBegginer
Asked: July 14, 2024In: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
  • 0

In case of recession, why are most companies laying off many of their employees?

question
  1. Reshma Shaik
    Reshma Shaik Begginer

    During a recession, companies lay off employees primarily to manage costs and ensure survival. Revenue drops as consumer spending decreases, prompting businesses to reduce expenses, and labor is one of the largest costs. Layoffs help immediately cut payroll expenses and preserve cash flow, which isRead more

    During a recession, companies lay off employees primarily to manage costs and ensure survival. Revenue drops as consumer spending decreases, prompting businesses to reduce expenses, and labor is one of the largest costs. Layoffs help immediately cut payroll expenses and preserve cash flow, which is crucial during economic uncertainty.

    With lower demand for products and services, companies need fewer employees. Aligning the workforce with reduced demand helps maintain operational efficiency. Additionally, recessions often trigger restructuring efforts to streamline operations and eliminate redundancies, further driving layoffs.

    Publicly traded companies face investor pressure to maintain profitability and protect stock prices. Layoffs signal decisive cost management, reassuring investors about the company’s financial health. For some businesses, layoffs are essential to avoid bankruptcy, ensuring they can continue operations during the downturn.

    While layoffs are common, they can harm employee morale, company reputation, and long-term performance. Some companies explore alternatives like reducing executive salaries, cutting non-essential expenses, or implementing temporary furloughs to mitigate these impacts. Ultimately, layoffs are a strategic move to balance immediate cost reduction with the goal of emerging stronger post-recession.

    See less

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