What are the main obstacles to India’s efforts to reduce inequality and poverty? (200 Words) [UPPSC 2020]
Economic Growth with Equality and Distributive Justice in India Objectives of Inclusive Growth: Economic Growth with Equality: The aim is to achieve high economic growth while ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed among all segments of society. Distributive Justice: This involves fairRead more
Economic Growth with Equality and Distributive Justice in India
Objectives of Inclusive Growth:
- Economic Growth with Equality: The aim is to achieve high economic growth while ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed among all segments of society.
- Distributive Justice: This involves fair allocation of resources and opportunities to reduce disparities between different socio-economic groups.
Successes of the Policy:
- Increased Economic Growth: India has witnessed significant economic growth over the past few decades, with GDP growth averaging around 6-7% annually before the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, the Make in India initiative aimed at boosting manufacturing and creating jobs.
- Reduction in Poverty Rates: Programs like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) have provided employment opportunities and social security to millions of rural households, contributing to a reduction in poverty.
- Improved Access to Education and Healthcare: Initiatives such as the Right to Education Act and Ayushman Bharat have aimed to improve access to education and healthcare, which are crucial for enhancing the quality of life for the underprivileged.
Challenges and Limitations:
- Persisting Inequality: Despite growth, income inequality remains a significant issue. For instance, the Global Inequality Report 2022 highlighted that India’s wealth inequality has been increasing, with the richest 1% holding a disproportionate share of the country’s wealth.
- Regional Disparities: Economic growth has been uneven across regions, with states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh lagging behind more prosperous states like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu in terms of development indicators.
- Quality of Employment: Many jobs created are in the informal sector with limited job security and low wages, failing to provide substantial improvements in living standards.
Recent Examples:
- COVID-19 Pandemic Impact: The pandemic exacerbated existing inequalities, with the informal sector being hit hardest. The Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana was introduced to provide relief, but challenges in implementation highlighted the gaps in the safety net.
- Farmer Protests (2020-21): The protests against the farm laws underscored issues related to agricultural policies and the need for more inclusive growth strategies that address the concerns of small and marginal farmers.
Conclusion: While India has made strides in economic growth and some aspects of inclusive development, challenges remain in achieving equitable growth and distributive justice. Addressing these issues requires continued efforts to enhance policy implementation and ensure that growth benefits all sections of society more equitably.
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According to the Oxfam report, poverty and inequality has been discussed in an interconnected world. The reports highlights the importance of education in bridging gap and potential of disruptive technology to reduce inequality. Despite the high economic growth, there has been high rate of poverty aRead more
According to the Oxfam report, poverty and inequality has been discussed in an interconnected world. The reports highlights the importance of education in bridging gap and potential of disruptive technology to reduce inequality.
Despite the high economic growth, there has been high rate of poverty and inequality due to various reasons, such as:
1.limited access to education and health care due to lack of human capital development and increased vulnerability to health crisis reflected through lack of institutional delivery for children and lack of vaccination.
2. Economic vulnerability due to external shock and market fluctuations which exacerbate poverty and inequality and also due to dominance of unorganised sector(83%) and informal sector(89%) which led to poor social securities like lack of accidental compensation, lack of pension fund, poor job security, etc.
3. Poor access to training, skilling and education which deprives many of basic living opportunities.
4. Corruption and governance issues hinder the Effective implementation of poverty alleviation programs and favour the wealthy and powerful.
5. Social exclusion and discrimination towards ethnic minorities, women and people with disabilities.
6. Rising capital intensity ie more use of capital than labour, with a very low capital output ratio.
Way forward :
1. Better implementation of programs so that benefits are visible.
2. Better funding and project coordination.
3. Social auditing and project tracking.
4. Both inclusion error and exclusion error should be minimized.
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