Aspects of politics and statecraft described in Kautilya’s  Arthashastra-

1. Principles of statecraft -dharma,artha,kama and moksha.
2. Detailed guidance on military tactics and warfare.
3. Highlights the need for balanced economy.
4. Strategies for diplomacy,alliances and war .
5. Importance of maintaining law and order.

According to WMO(World Meteorological Organization)- “Tsunami is a series of waves generated in a body of water by the displacement of large volume of water, usually as a result of earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruptions”.

Formation of Tsunami –

1. Displacement of water through earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions or meteorites.
2. Transfer of energy to the surrounding water.
3. Wave formation and wave propagation at speed of upto 500 mph .
4. Shoaling and amplification of waves led to pile up of water and increase in height near the coast.
5. Tsunami waves reaches the coast causing widespread destruction and loss of life.

Tsunami preparedness involves –

1. Preparedness and planning measures taken before a disaster strikes  to minimize it’s impact ex-public education and mass awareness.
2. Timely and accurate information to prevent and mitigate the impact of disasters.
3. Emergency Response planning for unexpected events.
4. Safe and orderly exit of the people.
5. Recovery and rehabilitation efforts after the disaster.
6. International cooperation for better management
7. Technological Advancements enhance preparedness, response and recovery.

Mitigation Efforts taken by the governments –

1. Creation of institutional framework like NDMA,INCOIS,IMD,NCMRWF.
2. Coastal radar and surveillance system for early warning system.
3. Tsunami resistant construction at Andaman and Nicobar islands .
4. Regulatory measures like Disaster Management Act 2005 , Coastal Regulation Zone etc .
5. Creation of Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC),Sendai framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2005 etc to promote international cooperation .
6. Formation of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF).

According to United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)- “Volcano is a natural hazard that occurs when magma from the earth’s interior is released through a vent or fissure, potentially cause damage and loss of life “.

Most of the Volcanoes in the world are found in three well defined belts –

1. Circum Pacific Belt -It is 40000 km horse shoe shaped zone of intense seismic and volcanic activity.It include regions of New Zealand, Australia, Philippines, Japan, Russia,USA etc .
2. The Mid World Mountain Belt -It is longest mountain range on earth, stretching over 65000 km which runs through the middle of Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans.
3. The African Rift Valley Belt -It is a zone of rifts abd faults stretching over 6000 km from Lebanon in north to Mozambique in south.

Reasons to support the Concentration of Volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire –

1. Thinner crust making it easier for magma to rise and erupt .
2. Due to subduction and continental collision,it hosts numerous volcanic arcs ex-Indonesian Volcanic Arcs .
3. It consist regions of mantle plumes or hotspots ex-Hawaiian islands,Galapagos islands .
4. It is characterized by continental rifting (plates are pulling apart)ex-East African Rift System.
5. It has High Geothermal Gradient (Heat from the earth’s interior is closer to the surface).
6. It is a zone of intense seismic and volcanic activity resulting from convergence of tectonic plates (Pacific North American Plate), Divergence of Plates (East Pacific Rise)and transform plates (San Andreas Fault).

Understanding the global distribution and Pacific Ring of Fires unique geology will help in prediction,early warning system, evacuation plans, regular monitoring and disaster preparedness.

Climate Tipping Point –

According to International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) – “Climate tipping points refers to the thresholds beyond which small changes in climate forcing forcing can trigger large, abrupt and potentially irreversible changes in climate system”.

Critical concerns of Climate Tipping Point  –

1. It’s impact on agriculture and global food system led to food insecurity.
2. Extreme weather patterns led to increased frequency and intensity of heatwaves, droughts and storms
3. Threat to the coastal communities due to increase in sea level by thawing ice sheets and glaciers.
4. Chances of ecosystem collapse because of loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
5. Water scarcity due to change in water precipitation patterns and melting glaciers.
6. Changes are irreversible in nature.
7. Tipping points initiate the chain reaction and affect multiple systems.
8. It causes risk to human health and well being with addition to Economic instability and losses .

Climate tipping point is a critical concern to us and to mitigate this we have to follow few  processes like reducing immediate emissions to limit warming, transition to renewable energy sources, climate resilient infrastructure and their adoption with the help of international cooperation and governance.